| 词条 | Giant grouper |
| 释义 |
| name = Giant grouper | image = Georgia Aquarium - Giant Grouper.jpg | status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | taxon = Epinephelus lanceolatus | authority = Bloch, 1790 | synonyms = Serranus magnificus Macleay, 1882Promicrops lanceolatus Bloch, 1790 }} The giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), also known as the brindlebass, brown spotted cod, or bumblebee grouper, and as the Queensland groper[2] in Australia, is the largest bony fish found in coral reefs, and the aquatic emblem of Queensland. It is found from near the surface to depths of {{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} at reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific region, with the exception of the Persian Gulf. It also enters estuaries,[3] such as the lowermost part of the Brisbane River. It reaches up to {{convert|2.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|400|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in weight.[3] Giant groupers feed on a variety of marine life, including small sharks and juvenile sea turtles. Due to overfishing, this species has declined drastically in many regions, and as of the mid-1990s. It is considered Data Deficient by the IUCN.[1] This giant fish is similar to the Malabar grouper, and its colour changes with age. The giant grouper has a large mouth and a rounded tail. Juveniles have irregular black and yellow markings, while adults are green-grey to grey-brown with faint mottling, with numerous small black spots on the fins. The first fish to undergo chemotherapy was Bubba, a giant grouper at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago.[4] ReproductionLike most groupers, giant groupers are protogynous hermaphrodites (all are born female, but some become male when few males are present). They spawn on a lunar cycle, with spawns lasting about 7 days. They are aggregative broadcast spawners, usually with several females per male. Studies in captive populations suggest that the dominant male and female begin the spawning event as nearly the only spawners for the first day or two, but other members of the aggregation fertilize more eggs as the event progresses, with even the most recently turned males fathering offspring.[5] Unlike males, where one male is dominant across spawns, the dominant female of an aggregation seems to change from month to month. References1. ^1 Fennessy, S., Pollard, D.A. & Samoilys, M. 2018. Epinephelus lanceolatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T7858A100465809. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en. Downloaded on 25 December 2018. 2. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/636275/Giant-Queensland-groper-Primefact-169-final.pdf |title=Giant Queensland groper |date=July 2006 |website=Department of Primary Industries |publisher=State of New South Wales |access-date=2018-02-03}} 3. ^1 {{FishBase species | genus = Epinephelus | species = lanceolatus | month = May | year = 2012}} 4. ^{{cite news | title = 'Bubba,' Famed Cancer-surviving Grouper, R.I.P.; 'Overcame Some Incredible Odds' | work = Underwatertimes.com News Service | publisher = Underwatertimes | date = 2006-08-24 | url = http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=71021389645 | accessdate = 27 May 2012}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bright|first1=David|last2=Reynolds|first2=Adam|last3=Nguyen|first3=Nguyen H.|last4=Knuckey|first4=Richard|last5=Knibb|first5=Wayne|last6=Elizur|first6=Abigail|title=A study into parental assignment of the communal spawning protogynous hermaphrodite, giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus)|journal=Aquaculture|date=June 2016|volume=459|pages=19–25|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.013}} External links
4 : Epinephelus|Fish of the Pacific Ocean|Fish of Hawaii|Fish described in 1790 |
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