| 词条 | Acehnese language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Acehnese |nativename = Bahsa/Basa Acèh بهسا اچيه |pronunciation = [{{IPA|bahsa at͡ʃeh|}}] |states = Indonesia |region = Aceh, Sumatra |ethnicity = Acehnese |speakers = 3.5 million |date = 2000 census |ref = e18 |familycolor = Austronesian |fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian |fam3 = Malayo-Sumbawan (?) |fam4 = Chamic |iso2 = ace |iso3 = ace |script = Latin Arabic |glotto=achi1257 |glottorefname=Achinese |map = IndonesiaAceh.png |mapcaption = Aceh province, Sumatra |notice = IPA }} The Acehnese language (Jawi: بهسا اچيه) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by Acehnese people natively in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. This language is also spoken by Acehnese descendants in some parts of Malaysia like Yan, in Kedah. NameAs of 1988, "Acehnese" is the modern English name spelling and the bibliographical standard, and Acehnese people use the spelling "Acehnese" when writing in English. "Achinese" is an antiquated spelling of the English language tradition. "Atjehnese" is the Dutch spelling and an outdated Indonesian one. The spelling "Achehnese" originates from a 1906 English translation of the Dutch language Studien over atjesche klank- en schriftleer. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 35.346-442 by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, 1892. In Acehnese the language is called Basa/Bahsa Acèh. In Indonesian it is called Bahasa Aceh.[1] Classification and related languagesAcehnese belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian. Acehnese's closest relatives are the other Chamic languages, which are principally spoken in Vietnam. The closest relative of the Chamic family is the Malay language family, which includes languages also spoken in Sumatra such as Minangkabau as well as the national language, Indonesian. Paul Sidwell notes that Acehnese likely has an Austroasiatic substratum.[2]DistributionAcehnese language is located primarily in coastal region of Aceh. This language is spoken in 13 regencies and 4 cities in Aceh, those are: City
Phonology{{Main|Acehnese phonology}}Oral monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in the table below.[3]
In addition to the modern 26 letter basic Latin alphabet, Acehnese uses the supplementary letters è, é, ë, ô, and ö, making a total of 31 letters in its orthography. The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations.[4]
Notes:
GrammarAcehnese features a split ergative system. Intransitives that align with the agent of a transitive verb (Sa) always show agreement by a proclitic (1). Meanwhile, intransitives that align with the patient of a transitive verb (Sp) may optionally show agreement by an enclitic (2). Volitionality is the determining factor for whether an intransitive verb is Sa or Sp.[7]
Writing systemFormerly, the Acehnese language was written in an Arabic script called Jawoë or Jawi in the Malay language. The script is less common nowadays.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Since colonization by the Dutch, the Acehnese language has been written in the Latin script, with the addition of supplementary letters. The additional letters are é, è, ë, ö and ô.[8] The sound /ɨ/ is represented by 'eu' and the sound /ʌ/ is represented by 'ö', respectively. The letter 'ë' is used exclusively to represent the schwa sound which forms the second part of diphthongs. The letters f, q, v, x, and z are only used in loanwords.
DialectsSo far there has been no complete research about dialects of the Acehnese language. However, there are at least 10 dialects in the Acehnese language. The dialects are Pasè, Peusangan, Matang, Pidië, Buëng, Banda, Daya, Meulabôh, Seunagan and Tunong.[11] GalleryReferences1. ^Durie, "The So-Called Passive of Acehnese," p. 104. 2. ^Sidwell, Paul. "Dating the separation of Acehnese and Chamic by etymological analysis of the Aceh-Chamic lexicon." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6H8pdR68H?url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2006dating.pdf Archive], Alternate, [https://www.webcitation.org/6H8ppf4D2?url=http://rilca.mahidol.ac.th/e-resources/documents/05-MonKhmer/36/sidwell2006dating.pdf Archive]) 3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1031}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|p=17}} 4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1982|p=3}} 5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1982|p=2}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Lawler|1977}} 6. ^Long & Maddieson (1993) "Consonantal evidence against Quantal Theory", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 83, p. 144. 7. ^Durie, Mark (1988). "Preferred argument structure in an active language", Lingua 74: 1–25. Cited in Donohue, Mark (2008). "Semantic alignment systems: what's what, and what's not". In Donohue, Mark & Søren Wichmann, eds. (2008). The Typology of Semantic Alignment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 36 8. ^Ejaan Bahasa Aceh 9. ^Omniglot 10. ^Omniglot 11. ^Sulaiman, B. 1981. Kedudukan dan Fungsi Bahasa Aceh di Aceh. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Bibliography
|last = Al-Harbi |first = Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi |year=2003 |title = Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account |journal =Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities |volume = 15 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–21 |url = http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0.PDF }}
|last=Pillai |first=Stefanie |last2=Yusuf |first2=Yunisrina Qismullah |year=2012 |title=An instrumental analysis of acehnese oral vowels |journal=Language and Linguistics |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1029–1050 |url=http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_6_01_6901.pdf }}
|last=Asyik |first=Abdul Gani |title=The agreement system in Acehnese |year=1982 |journal=Mon–Khmer Studies |volume=11 |pages=1–33 |url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H8oiewmw?url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf |archivedate=2013-06-05 |df= }}
|last=Thurgood |first=Graham |title=The Historical Place of Acehnese: The Known and the Unknown |year=2007 |url=http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs%5CAceh-project%5Cfull-papers%5Caceh_fp_grahamthurgood.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119135359/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Aceh-project/full-papers/aceh_fp_grahamthurgood.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2008-01-19 }} Further reading
|last = Asyik |first = Abdul Gani |title = A contextual grammar of Acehnese sentences |year = 1987 |url = http://acehbooks.org/pdf/00402.pdf |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6H8s1ot4r?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120315181031/http://acehbooks.org/pdf/00402.pdf |archivedate = 2013-06-05 |df = |access-date = 2010-12-04 }} ()
|last = Durie |first = Mark |title = A grammar of Acehnese : on the basis of a dialect of North Aceh |year = 1985 |url = http://acehbooks.org/pdf/ACEH_03107.pdf |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6H8pGt852?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120315180825/http://acehbooks.org/pdf/ACEH_03107.pdf |archivedate = 2013-06-05 |df = |access-date = 2010-12-04 }} () (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde)." Foris Publications, 1985. {{ISBN|9067650749}}, {{ISBN|978-9067650748}}.
External links
5 : Languages of Indonesia|Culture of Aceh|Chamic languages|Sumatran languages|Acehnese language |
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