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词条 Agosta-class submarine
释义

  1. Ships

     French Navy  Spanish Navy  Pakistan Navy 

  2. Variants

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links


}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=OuessantBrest2005.jpgShip image size=300pximage alt=Ship caption=French Agosta-70 submarine Ouessant at Brest in 2005
}}{{Infobox ship class overview		 Builders =FRA}} (former)
  • {{Navy|Spain}}
  • {{navy|Pakistan}}
Daphné|submarine|4}}Scorpène|submarine|4}}
  • {{sclass2-|S-80|submarine|4}}
 Subclasses = Agosta 90B Built range = In commission range = 1977 – Active in service in Spain and Pakistan Total ships building = Total ships planned = Total ships completed = Total ships cancelled = Total ships active = Total ships laid up = Total ships lost = Total ships retired = Total ships scrapped = Total ships preserved =
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		 Hide header = Header caption = Ship class =1500|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} surfaced
  • {{convert|1760|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} submerged (France, Spain)
  • {{convert|2050|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} submerged (Pakistan)
67|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (France, Spain)
  • {{convert|76|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (Pakistan)
6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} Ship draught = Ship draft = Ship propulsion =12|kn|lk=in}} surfaced
  • {{convert|20.5|kn}} submerged
  • {{convert|10.5|kn}} submerged (snort)
 Ship range = 8,500 miles (13,679 km) Ship endurance =300|m|ft|abbr=on}} (France, Spain)
  • {{convert|350|m|ft|abbr=on}} (Pakistan)
 Ship complement = *5 officers
  • 36 men
 Ship sensors = *Thomson CSF DRUA 33 Radar
  • Thomson Sintra DSUV 22
  • DUUA 2D Sonar
  • DUUA 1D Sonar
  • DUUX 2 Sonar
  • DSUV 62A towed array
 Ship EW = Ship armament = *SM 39 Exocet
  • 4 × {{convert|533|mm|0|abbr=on}} bow torpedo tubes
  • ECAN L5 Mod 3 & ECAN F17 Mod 2 torpedoes
 Ship notes =
}}

The Agosta-class submarine is a class of diesel-electric fast-attack submarine developed and constructed by the French DCNS in 1970s to succeed the Daphné submarines. The submarines have served in the French Navy as well as exported to the navies of Spain and Pakistan. They are currently in the active service with the navies of Spain and Pakistan, and were replaced by the Scorpène class submarines in the French Navy. The French Navy grouped this model of submarine in their most capable class as an océanique, meaning "ocean-going."[1]

Ships

French Navy

built by Arsenal de Cherbourg

  • Agosta (S 620) – completed 1977 – decommissioned 1997
  • Bévéziers (S 621) – completed 1977 – decommissioned 1998
  • La Praya (S 622) – completed 1978 – decommissioned 2000
  • {{ship|French submarine|Ouessant|S623|2}} (S 623) – completed 1978 – decommissioned 2001

Spanish Navy

built by Cartagena dockyard

  • Galerna (S 71) – completed 1983 – in service
  • Siroco (S 72) – completed 1983 – decommissioned 2012
  • Mistral (S 73) – completed 1985 – in service
  • {{ship|Spanish submarine|Tramontana|S74|2}} (S 74) – completed 1985 – in service

Pakistan Navy

  • PNS/M Hashmat (S135) – completed in 1979, originally named Astrant
  • PNS/M Hurmat (S136) – completed in 1980, originally named Adventurous

On 10 September 1974, South Africa announced to expand its submarine arm by entering in defence talks with France to acquire the Agosta-70-class submarines.{{rp|113}}[2] South African Prime Minister P. W. Botha engaged in discussion with acquiring two Agosta-70-class submarines with French President Valéry d'Estaing, and had Capt. L. J. Woodburne as the project-manager of acquisition of Agosta-70 program in South African Navy.[3] Dubigeon-Normandie, the French contractor, built two Agosta-70 class submarine.[4] However, France denied to order of delivery to South African Navy following the implementation of Resolution 418 (an arms embargo) by the United Nations.[5][6][7][8][9]

In 1983-85, the class of submarines were deployed in Arabian sea during and prevented the Indian actions in seaborne theatre. As part of the cold war operation, they were deployed in Arabian sea and later embarked on being deployed on long-range mission to test depth and submerged endurance in Indian ocean.[10][11]

Variants

{{Main|Agosta-90B class submarine}}

The Agosta–90B class submarines is an improved version with modern systems, better battery with longer endurance, deeper diving capability, lower acoustic cavitation and better automatic control (reducing crew from 54 to 36). It can be equipped with the MESMA air-independent propulsion (AIP) system.[12] It is capable of carrying a combined load up to 16 torpedoes, SM39 Exocet, and seaborne nuclear cruise missiles.[13]

The submarines were built through the technology transfer by France to Pakistan that resulted in complicated and lengthy negotiations between the Benazir Bhutto government and the Mitterrand administration in 1992, and signed with the Chirac administration in 1992.[14] The Agosta–90Bs were chosen over the British Upholder/Victoria-class and the project was initially aimed at $520 million[15] but the programme of technology transfer costed $950 million, for which France first provided loans that were paid in five to six years.[15][16] In 2000, France gave Pakistan the licence to offer commercial production of the submarines to potential customers.[17][18]

The SM39 was test-fired from a Khalid-class submarine in 2001.[19]

  • PNS/M Khalid (S137) – built in France by DCN Cherbourg, completed in 1999
  • PNS/M Saad (S138) – built in Pakistan with French assistance, completed in 2002
  • PNS/M Hamza (S139) – built in Pakistan with French assistance, commissioned 14 August 2006

See also

  • List of submarines of France
  • List of submarine classes in service

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://pakdef.org/agosta-90b/|title=Agosta 90B « PakDef Military Consortium|last1=Shabbir|first1=Usman|website=pakdef.org|publisher=« PakDef Military Consortium|accessdate=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216205302/http://pakdef.org/agosta-90b/|archivedate=16 February 2017}}
2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XIsAAAAYAAJ&dq=agosta+submarine+south+africa&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=10+September|title=South Africaʼs Fighting Ships: Past and Present|last1=Toit|first1=Allan Du|date=1992|publisher=Ashanti Pub. Pty Limited|isbn=9781874800507|pages=359|language=en|accessdate=29 September 2018}}
3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aG9sAAAAIAAJ&dq=agosta+submarine+south+africa&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Agosta|title=South African orders, decorations, and medals|last1=Alexander|first1=E. G. McGill|last2=Barron|first2=Gary K. B.|last3=Bateman|first3=Anthony J.|date=1986|publisher=Human & Rousseau|isbn=9780798118958|pages=160|language=en|format=snippet view|accessdate=29 September 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://pakdef.org/agosta-90b/|title=AGOSTA 70A|last1=Shabbir|first1=Usman|date=June 2003|website=pakdef.org|publisher=« PakDef Military Consortium|location=Islamabad|language=en-k|format=html|accessdate=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216205302/http://pakdef.org/agosta-90b/|archive-date=2017-02-16|dead-url=yes|df=}}
5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iIOAQAAMAAJ&dq=agosta+submarine+south+africa&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=agosta+|title=Politics in South Africa: From Vorster to de Klerk|last1=Maguire|first1=Keith|date=1991|publisher=Chambers|isbn=9780550207524|pages=151|language=en|format=snippet view|accessdate=29 September 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://ir1.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.1/1228/moukambi_relations_2008.pdf?sequence=3|title=Victor Moukambi dissertation.doc|date=2008-10-13|publisher=University of Stellenbosch|accessdate=2009-02-27}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
7. ^{{cite journal|author=Andre Wessels|date=20 April 2007|title=The South African Navy During The Years of Conflict In Southern Africa, 1966-1989|url=http://search.sabinet.co.za/images/ejour/contemp/contemp_v31_n3_a15.pdf|dead-url=yes|journal=—|publisher=Sabinet Online Ltd|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081031100426/http://www.sabinet.co.za/abstracts/contemp/contemp_v31_n3_a15.xml|archive-date=31 October 2008|accessdate=2008-05-12|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/pakistan-submarine-capabilities/|title=Pakistan Submarine Capabilities|last1=NTI|first1=Nuclear Threat Initiatives staffer|website=www.nti.org|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiatives|accessdate=12 January 2017}}
9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XW7kKHQeQoC&pg=PA155&dq=agosta+70+pakistan+1979&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQspL7srvRAhXCzVQKHWgnDpcQ6wEIITAB#v=onepage&q=agosta%2070&f=false|title=No Easy Answers: The Development of the Navies of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, 1945-1996|last1=Goldrick|first1=James|date=1995|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9781897829028|location=Sydney, au|language=en|accessdate=12 January 2017}}
10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXXfAAAAMAAJ&dq=PNS+Hurmat&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Hurmat|title=The Fourth Round: Indo-Pak War 1984|last1=Rikhye|first1=Ravi|date=1985|publisher=ABC Publishing House|pages=253|language=en|accessdate=29 September 2018}}
11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us87DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT221&dq=agosta+submarine+Pakistan+1979&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw5e6Q69_dAhX3FTQIHatvCIgQuwUIOzAD#v=onepage&q=agosta%20submarine%20Pakistan%201979&f=false|title=Seaforth World Naval Review 2012|last1=Waters|first1=Conrad|date=2011|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|isbn=9781783830985|language=en|accessdate=29 September 2018}}
12. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/agosta/|title=SSK Agosta 90B Class Submarine - Naval Technology|work=Naval Technology|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-GB}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/agosta/|title=SSK Agosta 90B Class Submarine, France|publisher=naval-technology.com|accessdate=19 May 2015}}
14. ^{{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Dr Muhammad|title=Friends Near Home: Pakistan's Strategic Security Options|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781467015417|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0W51yRD0GwC&pg=PA46&dq=agosta+90+bhutto&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijv4zktbvRAhXow1QKHTQXCTAQuwUILTAD#v=onepage&q=agosta%2090%20bhutto&f=false|accessdate=12 January 2017|language=en}}
15. ^{{cite book|last1=Siddiqa-Agha|first1=A.|authorlink1=Ayesha Siddiqa|title=Pakistan's Arms Procurement and Military Buildup, 1979-99: In Search of a Policy|date=2001|publisher=Springer|location=New York, [us]|isbn=9780230513525|pages=230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beJ8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&dq=Agosta+90B+$950&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX5MSIrcjRAhUO3WMKHWZ_Ce0Q6wEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Agosta%2090B%20%24950&f=false|accessdate=17 January 2017|language=en|format=google books|chapter=§Arms Procurement for the Navy}}
16. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Staff writer|first1=et.al|title=Agosta submarine deal - Benazir, Zardari not involved: ex-naval spy chief - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/86201/agosta-submarine-deal-benazir-zardari-not-involved-ex-naval-spy-chief/|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=The Express Tribune|agency=The Express Tribune|issue=4/5|publisher=The Express Tribune, Islamabad|date=5 December 2010|location=Islamabad|language=en}}
17. ^{{cite news|last1=Osman|first1=Ali|title=Pakistan's tool of war: Agosta 90B, our submarine in the deep|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1213256|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn newspapers|publisher=Dawn newspapers, Osman|date=19 October 2015}}
18. ^{{cite news|title=Agosta launched; ship deal on cards|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/54199|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=25 August 2002}}
19. ^{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200103/11/eng20010311_64677.html |title=Pakistan Navy Test-fires Two Missiles |work=People's Daily |date=11 March 2001 |accessdate=19 May 2015}}

External links

  • Naval Technology page on Agosta 90B
{{Agosta class submarines}}

3 : Submarine classes|Agosta-class submarines|Submarines of the Pakistan Navy
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