“Giuseppe Bottai”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Giuseppe Bottai (3 September 1895 – 9 January 1959) was an Italian journalist, and member of the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini.

Biography

Early life

Born in Rome, Giuseppe was son of Luigi, a wine dealer with republican sympathies, and Elena Cortesia. He was graduated at Liceo Torquato Tasso, and attended to the Sapienza University of Rome until the 1915, when Italy declared war to the Central Powers: in the same year he left his studies to enlist himself in the Italian Royal Army. Wounded in battle, he obtained a Medal of Military Valor after the World War I.^[1]

In 1919, Bottai met Benito Mussolini during a Futurist meeting,^[2] and contributed to establish the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento ("Italian Fasci of Combat").

In 1921, Bottai ended his studies at law faculty and became a freemason, member of the Gran Loggia d'Italia.^[3] At the same time he also started a journalist career in the Il Popolo d'Italia, newspaper of the recently-founded National Fascist Party.

During the March on Rome, Bottai was along with Ulisse Igliori and Gino Calza-Bini, the head of the Roman squadrismo, supporting Blackshirts' political violence.

Political career

After 1921 election, Bottai was elected in the Chamber of Deputies for the National Blocs, but was removed for his young age. He returned to the Chamber in 1924, maintaining the office until 1943.

In 1923, he became leader of the intransigent, national syndicalist and revolutionary faction of the Fascism. To support his ideas, Bottai founded Critica fascista ("Fascist Critic"), a cultural periodical, co-operating with other leftist fascists like Filippo De Pisis, Renato Guttuso and Mario Mafai.^[4]

Bottai worked to the Ministry of Corporations, introducing the Labour Charter and planning a "Corporative Academic Pole" in Pisa, from 1926 to 1932, when he was excluded by Mussolini from the Ministry.^[5] In 1933, Bottai established and chaired the National Institute of the Social Security ({{lang-it|Istituto nazionale della previdenza sociale}}, INPS). After, he was appointed Fascist Governor of Rome (1935–1936) but resigned to fight in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War with the rank of major. In 5 May 1936, Bottai and Pietro Badoglio entered in Addis Abeba, and Bottai was appointed as City Governor.

After the war, Bottai returned in Rome to be Education Minister. During his ministry, Bottai proclaimed a law (the so-called "Bottai Law") on safeguarding public and cultural heritage and the preservation of natural beauties .^[6] He also co-worked with art critics Giulio Carlo Argan and Cesare Brandi to improve the Italian cultural life.

In the late 1930s, Bottai became more radical and a Germanophile. In 1938 he expressed support to Radical Laws against the Italian Jews and in 1940 he founded Primato ("Record"), a magazine that supported the Aryan race's supremacy and war interventionism.^[7] Bottai thought that the "Fascist Revolution" was incomplete, and that what was needed was a return to the original, "pure" fascism.

Ideology and Early Fascism

For him--given his historical political stance and ideas in the early days of the movement--this would have been ideologically to the left of the Nationalist "right fascist" faction (the controlling faction within the Fascist regime known for its conservative social-economic thinking). The notion of "revolutionary" for Bottai, then, was more a measure of radical political dynamism--a fascism in action so to speak-- as well as political purity for it should be understood that the original fascists had at one time been an autonomous movement with little for the most part to do with the radical right (the Nationalists). And yet the state heavy, technocratic, and managerial exigencies that this very much pragmatic ex-syndicalist supported did much to dilute original fascism's foundational syndicalism, which put him to the right of--or a moderate representative within--original "ideological fascism." The "first fascism" it should be remembered was anti-party, anti-clerical, republican (anti-monarchist), anti-parliamentarian, Jacobin, "Third Way" (neither "international socialist" nor "plutocratic capitalist", neither Marxist/left-wing nor right-wing/bourgeois capitalist)...but representative of a new paradigm that fused the national and social threads. It came from the Left making it appropriate to classify it as a (if not formally the first) national Left, a new kind of socialism, a national socialism. The ideological, doctrinal core of fascism in its movement phase--that is, from the time of San Sepolcro in 1919 to about 1923-24--was known as "national syndicalism". It was a socially radical, pro-worker, and deeply anti-bourgeois doctrine elaborated by "national"-turned Sorelian "revolutionary syndicalists" like the theorist Sergio Panunzio and Edmondo Rossoni, the prominent Fascist labor leader.^[8]^[9]

However, the Italian intervention in World War II resulted in disaster. The Campaign on the Eastern Front caused the death or dispersion of approximately 77,000 soldiers, with more than 39,000 injured.

Bottai voted for Mussolini's arrest proposed by Dino Grandi on 25 July 1943, when Italy's defeat became evident. In 1944, the Italian Social Republic condemned Bottai to death, during the Verona trial, but Bottai was hiding in a Roman convent.^[10]

World War II and final years

In 1944, Bottai enlisted in the French Foreign Legion, with the pseudodyn Andrea Battaglia. He fought in Provence during the Operation Dragoon and then in the Western Allied invasion of Germany. At the war's end, Bottai remained in France, and continued to serve in Foreign Legion until 1948, when he was discharged. For his role in the final stages of World War II, he got an amnesty for his role in Fascism.

Returned in Italy in 1953, Bottai founded the periodical ABC (not to be confused with the same-name magazine) and Il Popolo di Roma, financed by ex-fascist Vittorio Cini, who supported centrist and conservative views.

He died in Rome in 1959. At his funeral participated also Aldo Moro, like his father was a Bottai's friend and assistant during his career.^[11]

Works

Notes

References

1. ^{{Cite book|title= Bottai, Giuseppe – Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|author=Sabino Cassese|publisher=Treccani|date=1971}}
2. ^{{Cite news|first=Carli|last=Maddalena|title=Un movimento artistico crea un partito politico : il futurismo italiano tra avanguardismo e normalizzazione|publisher=Memoria e ricerca|date=2010}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title=Fascismo e massoneria|author=Michele Terzaghi|publisher=Arnaldo Forni Editore|date=1950|pages=171}}
4. ^{{Cite book|author=Berto Ricci|title=Lo Scrittore Italiano|publisher=Ciarrapico|date=1984}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Storia del diritto del lavoro|author=Paolo Passaniti|publisher=FrancoAngeli|date=2007|pages= 573–574}}
6. ^{{Cite book|author=Vittorio Emiliani|title=Tutela del paesaggio ed Unità nazionale|publisher=Alinea Editrice|date=2011}}
7. ^{{Cite book|title=La cultura italiana e le leggi antiebraiche del 1938|author=Roberto Finzi|publisher=Carocci|date=2008|page=915}}
8. ^{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=David D. |title=Fascist Interactions: Proposals for a New Approach to Fascism and Its Era, 1919-1945 |date=2016 |publisher=Berghahn |location=New York, Oxford |page=79, 135-136 |accessdate=22 March 2019}}
9. ^{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=David D. |title=The Syndicalist Tradition and Italian Fascism |date=1979 |publisher=UNC Press |location=Chapel Hill |pages=257-260 |accessdate=22 March 2019}}
10. ^{{Cite book|title=La resistenza in convento|author=Enzo Forcella|publisher=Einaudi|date=1999}}
11. ^{{Cite book|title=Lettere dalla prigionia|author=Aldo Moro|publisher=Einaudi|date=2009}}

External links