| 词条 | Giuseppe Siri |
| 释义 |
| type = Cardinal | honorific-prefix = His Eminence | name = Giuseppe Siri | honorific-suffix = | title = Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Genoa | image = Giuseppe Card. Siri.jpg | caption = | province = | archdiocese = Genoa | see = Genoa | appointed = 14 May 1946 | enthroned = 29 May 1946 | ended = 6 July 1987 | predecessor = Pietro Boetto | successor = Giovanni Canestri | ordination = 22 September 1928 | ordained_by = Carlo Dalmazio Minoretti | consecration = 7 May 1944 | consecrated_by = Pietro Boetto | cardinal = 12 January 1953 | created_cardinal_by = Pope Pius XII | rank = Cardinal-Priest | other_post = Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria della Vittoria (1953-89) | previous_post = {{unbulleted list|Auxiliary Bishop of Genoa (1944–46)|Titular Bishop of Livias (1944–46)}} | birth_name = Giuseppe Siri | birth_date = {{birth date|1906|5|20|df=y}} | birth_place = Genoa, Kingdom of Italy | death_date = {{death date and age|1989|5|2|1906|5|20|df=y}} | death_place = Genoa, Italy | buried = | nationality = Italian | religion = Roman Catholic | residence = | parents = | spouse = | children = | occupation = | profession = | alma_mater = Pontifical Gregorian University | signature = | motto = Non Nobis Domine (Not to Us, Lord) — Psalm 115:1 | coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Giuseppe Siri.svg }} Giuseppe Siri (20 May 1906 – 2 May 1989) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Genoa from 1946 to 1987, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII. Some sedevacantist groups believe a conspiracy theory known as the Siri thesis, which states that Siri was elected during the 1958 papal conclave that elected Angelo Roncalli as John XXIII. Siri never held these views and accepted the authority of John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul I, and John Paul II. Early life and ministrySiri was born in Genoa to Nicolò and Giulia (née Bellavista) Siri. He entered the minor seminary of Genoa on 16 October 1916, and attended the major seminary from 1917 to 1926. Siri then studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, and was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Carlo Minoretti on 22 September 1928. Finishing his studies at the Gregorian, he earned his doctorate in theology summa cum laude and also did pastoral work in Rome until autumn 1929. Upon returning to Genoa, he served as a chaplain until he became a professor of dogmatic theology at the major seminary in 1930, also teaching fundamental theology for a year. In addition to his academic duties, Siri was a preacher, conferencist (public speaker), and professor of religion at the classical lyceums named to Andrea Doria and Giuseppe Mazzini from 1931 to 1936. He was named prosynodal examiner in the archdiocesan curia in 1936 and rector of Collegio Teologico S. Tommaso d'Aquino in 1937. Episcopal careerOn 14 March 1944, Siri was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Genoa and Titular Bishop of Livias by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 7 May from Cardinal Pietro Boetto, SJ, at the St. Lawrence Cathedral. He became vicar general for the Archdiocese on 8 September 1944. During his tenure as an auxiliary, he was a member of the Italian resistance movement in World War II. He negotiated with the Nazi forces surrounding Genoa and met secretly with partisan leaders, eventually arranging a Nazi surrender that avoided further bombardment of the city. Following the death of Cardinal Boetto, Siri was named Archbishop of Genoa on 14 May 1946, and installed on 29 May of that year. Pius XII created him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome in the consistory of 12 January 1953. At the time of his elevation, he was the youngest member of the College of Cardinals. He became known as the "minestrone cardinal" for his relief work in soup kitchens. Siri was noted for his staunchly conservative views. At the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), he sat on its Board of Presidency and, alongside Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre and Cardinals Alfredo Ottaviani and Thomas Cooray, he was part of the association of traditionalist Council fathers named Coetus Internationalis Patrum. However, Siri once said, "I would describe myself as an independent, a man who walks alone and is not a member of any group."[1] He was also opposed to collegiality[2] and innovation.[2] Pope John XXIII named Siri the first President of the Italian Episcopal Conference on 12 October 1959. He remained in that post until 1965. Siri, who had voted in the conclaves of 1958 and 1963, was also one of the cardinal electors in the August and October 1978 conclaves. He was a strong candidate for the papacy, or papabile, in all four conclaves, in which his support lay mostly with Curialists and other conservative cardinals.[2] Media reports[3][4] suggested that Siri in fact topped the first count of votes in the August 1978 conclave before losing to Albino Luciani, who became Pope John Paul I. Following John Paul I's death, Siri was the leading conservative candidate in opposition to Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, the Archbishop of Florence and leading liberal candidate. Vaticanologists suggested that the eventual winner, Cardinal Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II, was chosen as a compromise candidate between the two. Shortly afterwards, Siri implied that he disapproved of Wojtyła's election.[5]In a biography of Cardinal Siri, Nicla Buonasorte reports that Siri was a friend of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, but disapproved of what the newspaper report on the book called his schismatic undertakings. Up to the last minute he begged him ("on his knees", the Cardinal wrote) not to break from Rome, but finally accepted that excommunication of the dissident bishop was unavoidable. Buonasorte commented: "In all probability, it is due to Siri that Lefebvre had no significant following in Italy".[6] The same book recalls how Siri seems to have turned a blind eye to the assistance given by one or two of his clergy to members of the German National Socialist Party, including Adolf Eichmann, fleeing to South America after the Second World War. It stresses, however, that this was out of compassion for people in difficulties, and quite unconnected with his well-known conservative views, in spite of which he conducted a personal "Ostpolitik" of contacts with the Soviet embassy in favour of the Church in Eastern Europe, without informing Pius XII of these contacts. Cardinal Siri during the war had supported Christian-Democrat Italian resistance financially and morally.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} He also aided and sheltered some of his priests who tried to help rescue threatened Jews to safety in Franco's neutral Spain.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Siri reached age 80 in 1986 and thus lost the right to participate in future conclaves; he was the last remaining cardinal elector who had been elevated by Pope Pius XII. Siri resigned from his post in Genoa on 6 July 1987, after 41 years of service. He died in Villa Campostano, Genoa, at age 82, and was buried at San Lorenzo metropolitan cathedral in Genoa. Conclave speculation{{main|Siri thesis}}Siri was considered a strong candidate in the 1958 papal conclave held to elect a successor to replace Pius XII[9] On the evening of 26 October, the first day of the conclave, apparent white smoke was seen coming from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, a traditional signal to the crowds in the square outside that a pope has been elected.[7] No announcement was made, however, and after about half an hour, the smoke turned black, indicating that there was no result. Vatican Radio corrected its report.[9] Sometime in the late 1980s, an American traditionalist Catholic named Gary Giuffre began to expound the belief that Siri was the true pope, and that he was held captive in a monastery in Rome.[8] According to Giuffre and his followers, the white smoke that was seen on 26 October 1958 did indeed mean that a pope had been elected, and that pope was Siri, but Siri was forced to reject the papacy because of threats from outside the conclave. Roncalli, who they claimed was a Freemason, was elected instead as Pope John XXIII.[8] It was also claimed that this occurred during the 1963 conclave that elected Giovanni Battista Montini as Pope Paul VI.[8] Siri himself never made these claims, and accepted the authority of all popes in his lifetime. He was appointed president of the Italian Episcopal Conference by Pope John in 1959, and remained in the post under Pope Paul until 1964.[9] He was a candidate for pope in the 1978 conclave that followed the death of Paul VI, where he is thought to have led in the early ballot, but the conclave eventually elected Albino Luciani as Pope John Paul I,[10] and again two months later in the October 1978 conclave, where he is also thought to have come within a few votes of election before the eventual election of Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II.[11] Siri never made any reference to the "Siri thesis", nor was there any mention of it in his New York Times obituary,[12] in the biography written by Raimondo Spiazzi,[13] or in a speech given by Giulio Andreotti on the centenary of Siri's birth in 2006.[14] See also
References1. ^New York Times [https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/03/obituaries/giuseppe-cardinal-siri-of-genoa-is-dead-at-82.html Giuseppe Cardinal Siri Of Genoa Is Dead at 82] May 3, 1989 2. ^1 Time Magazine. The Princes of the Church March 30, 1962 3. ^National Catholic Reporter. How a Pope is Elected 2005 4. ^Time Magazine. How Pope John Paul I Won September 11, 1978 5. ^1 Time Magazine. A "Foreign" Pope October 30, 1978 6. ^Siri, il cardinale dell'Ostpolitik segreta in Corriere della Sera, 13 December 2006. Quote: "fu amico fraterno di monsignor Marcel Lefebvre, ma disapprovò le sue iniziative scismatiche e lo scongiurò fino all'ultimo («in ginocchio», gli scrisse) di non staccarsi da Roma. Infine ammise che non c' erano alternative alla scomunica del vescovo dissidente. «A Siri - osserva la sua biografa - si deve, con tutta probabilità, la mancanza di un seguito significativo di Lefebvre in Italia»." 7. ^The Tablet. 1 November 1958. Quoted in {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Paul|title=The Vatican Exposed: Money, Murder, and the Mafia|date=2009|page=239}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=Cuneo|first1=Michael W.|title=The Smoke of Satan: Conservative and Traditionalist Dissent in Contemporary American Catholicism|date=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=0801862655|pages=84–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OL9tyvN5YcC&pg=PA84|accessdate=22 April 2017}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Cardinale|first1=Gianne|title=The Italian Episcopal Conference and its Presidents|journal=30 Giorni|date=February 2007|url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_13529_l3.htm|accessdate=23 April 2017}} 10. ^{{cite news|last1=Allen|first1=John L. Jr.|title=How a pope is elected|url=http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/how_to.htm|accessdate=23 April 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=2005}} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Pham|first1=John-Peter|title=Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195346351|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahTU3koVfLEC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131|accessdate=24 April 2017}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=Giuseppe Cardinal Siri Of Genoa Is Dead at 82|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/03/obituaries/giuseppe-cardinal-siri-of-genoa-is-dead-at-82.html|accessdate=23 April 2017|work=New York Times|agency=AP|date=3 May 1989}} 13. ^{{cite book |first=Raimondo |last=Spiazzi |title=Il Cardinale Giuseppe Siri |publisher=Studio Dominicani |place=Bologna |date=1990 |language=it}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Andreotti|first1=Giulio|authorlink1=Giulio Andreotti|title=Defender of Tradition and of workers’ rights|journal=30 Days|date=2006|issue= 4|url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_10414_l3.htm|accessdate=26 April 2017}} Sources
External links{{Commonscat|Giuseppe Siri}}
13 : 1906 births|1989 deaths|People from Genoa|Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII|Italian cardinals|Roman Catholic archbishops of Genoa|20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops|Italian resistance members|Participants in the Second Vatican Council|Coetus Internationalis Patrum|Pontifical Gregorian University alumni|Italian anti-communists|Anti-Masonry |
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