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词条 Global Crossing
释义

  1. Founding and early growth

  2. Controversies

     Political activity  Executive bonuses 

  3. References

{{prose|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox company
| name = Global Crossing Limited
| logo =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1997|03}}
| defunct = {{end date and age|2011|10|03}}
| location = Hamilton, Bermuda
| fate = Acquired by Level 3 Communications which was acquired by CenturyLink
| key_people = John Legere, CEO
| industry = Telecommunications
| revenue = US$2.536 billion (2009)
| net_income = -US$141 million (2009)
| num_employees = 5,235 (2009)
| footnotes = [1]
}}Global Crossing was a telecommunications company that provided computer networking services and operated a tier 1 carrier. It maintained a large backbone network and offered peering, virtual private networks, leased lines, audio and video conferencing, long distance telephone, managed services, dialup, colocation centres and VoIP. Its customer base ranged from individuals to large enterprises and other carriers, with emphasis on higher-margin layered services such as managed services and VoIP with leased lines. Its core network delivered services to more than 700 cities in more than 70 countries.[2]

Global Crossing was the first global communications provider with IPv6 natively deployed in both its private and public networks.[3] It was legally domiciled in Bermuda, and had administrative headquarters in New Jersey.

In 1999, during the dot-com bubble, the company was valued at $47 billion, but never had a profitable year.[4][5] In 2002, the company filed for one of the largest bankruptcies in history and its executive were accused of covering up an accounting scandal.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} On October 3, 2011, Global Crossing was acquired by Level 3 Communications for $3 billion, including the assumption of $1.1 billion in debt.[6]

Founding and early growth

In March 1997, Global Crossing was founded by Gary Winnick, the former manager of the bond desk of Drexel Burnham Lambert, and his Drexel colleagues who moved on to work at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC): Abbott L. Brown, David L. Lee, and Barry Porter. In 1997, the company raised $35 million, including investments by Winnick and the CIBC Argosy Merchant Funds (later Trimaran Capital Partners).

CIBC later realized an estimated gain of $2 billion from its relatively small equity investment in the company, making it one of the most profitable investments by a financial institution in the 1990s.[7][8] Winnick salvaged $735 million from his $20 million investment, although his interest was worth $6 billion on paper at its peak.[4]

Winnick was chairman of the company from 1997 until 2002. In 1998, he hired Lodwrick Cook, former CEO of Atlantic Richfield Company, as co-chairman.[9] John Scanlon became the first CEO of the company in the same year, but was replaced in March 1999 by Robert Annunziata, who had resigned as president of AT&T Corporation's Business Services group to "build a company from start to finish".[10][12]

In May 1999, Global Crossing made an offer to acquire US West,[11] but was outbid by Qwest.[12] In July 1999, the company acquired Global Marine Systems, the undersea cable maintenance arm of Cable & Wireless, for $885 million.[13] Later that year, in September 1999, the company acquired Frontier Communications, the former Rochester Telephone Corporation, for $9.9 billion and renamed it Global Crossing North America.[14] That same month, Global Crossing acquired 49% of SB Submarine Systems,[13] and formed Asia Global Crossing, a $1.3 billion joint venture with Softbank and Microsoft to build a fiber-optic network in Asia linking Japan, China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia and the Philippines.[15][13] In November 1999, Global Crossing acquired Racal Telecom for $1.65 billion.[16]

In January 2000, the company formed a 50/50 joint venture with Hutchinson Whampoa, valued at $1.2 billion, for a fiber-optic network in Hong Kong.[17]

In March 2000, Annunziata resigned, receiving $160 million during his 13 month tenure.[18] Leo Hindery, who had joined the company a few months earlier as head of its web hosting division, GlobalCenter, then became CEO.

In August 2000, the company attempted to rescue a Russian submarine during the Kursk submarine disaster.[19]

In September 2000, the company announced a deal to sell GlobalCenter to Exodus Communications for $6.5 billion in stock. By the time the deal closed in January 2001, the stock was only worth $1.95 billion.[20] Hindery then resigned as CEO and was replaced with Thomas Casey, a lawyer who came to Global Crossing from Merrill Lynch, where he was co-head of the global telecom investment banking group.[21]

For the year 2000, the company lost $1.4 billion.[4]

In 2001, the company sold its local telephone operations and the Frontier name in 2001 to Citizens Communications for $3.65 billion in cash.[22]

In the summer of 2001, the company began discussing a transaction with Enron in which the company would pay Enron $650 million for its fiber-optic network in exchange for Enron paying the company $650 million to use the network, a move that would boost both companies' revenues without costing them anything. The transaction did not materialize.[4]

In the fourth quarter of 2001, the company lost $3.4 billion on revenue of $793 million. In January 2002, the company filed bankruptcy. It listed total assets of $22.4 billion and debts of $12.4 billion and was paying annual interest of $600 million.[5][23] As part of the bankruptcy, Hutchison Whampoa and ST Telemedia agreed to invest $750 million in the company.[24] Hutchinson Whampoa later pulled out of the deal due to regulatory resistance.[25]

In April 2002, Hutchinson Whampoa bought the company's 50% interest in the Hong Kong joint venture for $120 million.[26]

In November 2002, Global Crossing's Asian subsidiary, Asia Global Crossing, filed bankruptcy and sold its assets to Asia Netcom, a subsidiary of China Netcom.[27]

Between 1998 and 2001, Winnick sold approximately $420 million in company stock and other executives sold an additional $900 million in company stock.[28]

On December 9, 2003, the company emerged from bankruptcy and on April 1, 2004, the company once again became a public company.[29]

In March 2004, Gary Winnick and other ex-executives settled lawsuits filed by investors and former employees accusing the executives of committing securities fraud by using improper accounting to inflate the company's revenue.[30]

In October 2006, the company announced the acquisition of UK-based Fibernet Corp. for £49.8 million.[31]

In May 2007, the company acquired Impsat[3], a leading Argentine telecommunications company. Global Crossing and Impsat have had a commercial relationship since 2000, when Global Crossing selected Impsat as one of its providers of Point of Presence (PoP) facilities for Global Crossing's Latin American network, known as South American Crossing. Impsat has also been a customer of Global Crossing in Latin America since 2000.

In October 2011, Level 3 Communications acquired the company for $3 billion, including the assumption of $1.1 billion in debt.[6]

Controversies

Political activity

The company contributed $250,000 to each of the 2000 Republican National Convention and the 2000 Democratic National Convention and made major contributions to politicians of both parties. The company also courted politicians to invest in the company. The company hired lobbyist and former United States Assistant Attorney General Anne Bingaman, married to Democratic New Mexico Senator Jeff Bingaman, paying her $2.5 million between January and June 1999 to try to block licensing of an AT&T, MCI, and Sprint consortium to lay cable from the U.S. to Japan.[32][33]

Executive bonuses

Despite the massive layoffs, unpaid employees, and cancelled pensions as a result of the bankruptcy, executives received huge bonuses and loan relief.[34]

References

1. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/84567/000119312510152357/d424b3.htm | title=Global Crossing Limited Offer To Exchange Up To $750,000,000 12% Senior Secured Notes due 2015 which have been registered under the Securities Act of 1933 for any and all outstanding 12% Senior Secured Notes due 2015 | publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}
2. ^{{cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110411005956/en/Level-3-Acquire-Global-Crossing | title=Level 3 to Acquire Global Crossing | publisher=Business Wire | date=April 11, 2011}}
3. ^1 {{cite press release | url=https://news.thomasnet.com/companystory/global-crossing-completes-acquisition-of-impsat-519482 | title=Global Crossing Completes Acquisition of Impsat | publisher=Thomas Register | date=May 22, 2007}}
4. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/15/business/a-new-legal-chapter-for-a-90-s-flameout.html | title=A New Legal Chapter for a 90's Flameout | first=TIMOTHY L. | last=O'BRIEN | work=The New York Times | date=August 15, 2004}}{{subscription required}}
5. ^1 {{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2002/01/29/global-crossing-files-for-bankruptcy/fffcad1b-f522-479a-a9d4-659e74165b05/ | title=Global Crossing Files for Bankruptcy | first=Christopher | last=Stern | work=The Washington Post | date=January 29, 2002}}
6. ^1 {{cite press release | url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/level-3-completes-acquisition-of-global-crossing-131036448.html | title=Level 3 Completes Acquisition of Global Crossing | publisher=PR Newswire | date=October 4, 2011}}
7. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/11/business/how-executives-prospered-as-global-crossing-collapsed.html | title=How Executives Prospered as Global Crossing Collapsed | first1=GERALDINE | last1=FABRIKANT | first2=SIMON | last2=ROMERO | work=The New York Times | date=February 11, 2002}}{{subscription required}}
8. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2002-03-10/the-drexel-connection-at-global-crossing | title=The Drexel Connection at Global Crossing | work=Bloomberg L.P. | date=March 11, 2002}}{{subscription required}}
9. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/03/business/the-rise-and-fall-of-global-dreams.html | title=The Rise And Fall Of Global Dreams | work=The New York Times | date=March 3, 2002}}{{subscription required}}
10. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/12/business/fast-times-global-crossing-enjoying-spotlight-while-building-upstart.html | title=Fast Times at Global Crossing; Enjoying the Spotlight While Building An Upstart in Telecommunications | first=LAURA M. | last=HOLSON | work=The New York Times | date=October 12, 2000}}{{subscription required}}
11. ^{{cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/1999/05/17/deals/crossing/ | title=US West, Global Crossing tie | work=CNNMoney | date=May 17, 1999}}
12. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB932332524549345218 | title=Qwest Wins U S West for $35 Billion, Ending Duel With Global Crossing | first=Rebecca | last=Blumenstein | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=July 19, 1999}}{{subscription required}}
13. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/corporate-profile-global-crossing-his-company-is-two-years-old-but-its-already-worth-pounds-20bn-1126582.html | title=Corporate profile: Global Crossing - His company is two years old. But it's already worth pounds 20bn | first=Kate | last=Bulkley | work=The Independent | date=November 17, 1999}}
14. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/global-crossing-completes-merger-with-frontier | title=Global Crossing completes merger with Frontier | work=Marketwatch | date=September 28, 1999}}
15. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/08/business/microsoft-to-join-fiber-optic-venture-in-asia.html | title=Microsoft to Join Fiber Optic Venture in Asia | first=SETH | last=SCHIESEL | work=The New York Times | date=September 8, 1999}}{{subscription required}}
16. ^{{cite press release | url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Global+Crossing+Completes+Acquisition+of+Racal+Telecom.-a057789204 | title=Global Crossing Completes Acquisition of Racal Telecom | publisher=Business Wire | date=November 24, 1999}}
17. ^{{cite press release | url=http://www.hutchison-whampoa.com/en/media/press_each.php?id=18 | title=Hutchison Whampoa and Global Crossing Complete Telecom Joint Venture in Hong Kong | publisher=Hutchinson Whampoa | date=January 10, 2000}}
18. ^{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/18/business/fi-10004 | title=Global Crossing's Annunziata Gets $160 Million for 13 Months on Job | first=ELIZABETH | last=DOUGLASS | work=Los Angeles Times | date=March 18, 2000}}
19. ^{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/aug/19/news/mn-7116 | title=Rescue Mission Steers Craft Operator Into Uncharted Waters | first=ELIZABETH | last=DOUGLASS | work=Los Angeles Times | date=August 19, 2000}}
20. ^{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/oct/14/business/fi-56955/3 | title=Global's Lost Connection | first=ELIZABETH | last=DOUGLASS | work=Los Angeles Times | date=October 14, 2001}}
21. ^{{cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/2000/10/11/companies/global_crossing/ | title=Global Crossing CEO out | work=CNNMoney | date=October 11, 2000}}
22. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/global-crossing-sells-its-local-business | title=Global Crossing sells local business | first=Jeffry | last=Bartash | work=Marketwatch | date=July 12, 2000}}
23. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/anatomy-of-global-crossings-failure | title=Anatomy of Global Crossing's failure | first=Jeffry | last=Bartash | work=Marketwatch | date=January 29, 2002}}
24. ^{{cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/2002/01/28/companies/globalcrossing/ | title=Global files for bankruptcy | work=CNNMoney | date=January 28, 2002}}
25. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.upi.com/ST-Telemedia-to-buy-Global-Crossing-stake/33741051752878/ | title=ST Telemedia to buy Global Crossing stake | first=SONIA | last=KOLESNIKOV | work=United Press International | date=April 30, 2003}}
26. ^{{cite press release | url=http://www.hutchison-whampoa.com/en/media/press_each.php?id=893 | title=Hutchison acquires Asia Global Crossing's interest in Hong Kong joint ventures for US$120 Million | publisher=Hutchinson Whampoa | date=April 29, 2002}}
27. ^{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/nov/18/business/fi-asia18 | title=Asia Global Crossing Files for Bankruptcy | first1=James S. | last1=Granelli | first2=ELIZABETH | last2=DOUGLASS | work=Los Angeles Times | date=November 18, 2002}}
28. ^{{cite news | url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/covers/2002-02-27-global-crossing.htm | title=Global's warning signs there, Wall St. was unaware | first1=Jim | last1=Hopkins | first2=Matt | last2=Krantz | work=USA Today | date=February 26, 2002}}
29. ^{{cite press release | url=http://www.sttelemedia.com/news/read/global-crossing-stock-to-begin-trading-on-nasdaq-national-market-today | title=Global Crossing Stock to Begin Trading on NASDAQ National Market Today | publisher=ST Telemedia | date=April 1, 2004}}
30. ^{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/mar/20/business/fi-global20 | title=Global Crossing Ex-Execs to Pay $324 Million | first1=Alex | last1=Pham | first2=David | last2=Colker | work=Los Angeles Times | date=March 20, 2004}}
31. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/global-crossing-snaps-up-fibernet/ | title=Global Crossing snaps up Fibernet | first=Natasha | last=Lomas | work=ZDNet | date=October 11, 2006}}
32. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/2002/03/13/0313topnews.html | title=House Committees To Investigate Global Crossing | first=Dan | last=Ackman | work=Forbes | date=March 13, 2002}}
33. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1015198215729065920 | title=Global Crossing Got Little in Return For Its Big Political Contributions | first1=Tom | last1=Hamburger | first2=John | last2=Harwood | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=March 4, 2002}}{{subscription required}}
34. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1014246568154925080 | title=Global Crossing Cosseted Executives As Pink Slips Loomed, Stock Fell | first1=Rebecca | last1=Blumenstein | first2=Deborah | last2=Solomon | first3=Kathy | last3=Chen | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=February 21, 2002}}{{subscription required}}

7 : 1997 establishments in New Jersey|2011 mergers and acquisitions|Companies established in 1997|Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2002|Defunct telecommunications companies|Dot-com bubble|Level 3 Communications
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