| 词条 | Glycera (annelid) |
| 释义 |
| name = Bloodworms | image = Glycera alba (dim).jpg | image_width = 230px | image_caption = Glycera sp. | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Annelida | classis = Polychaeta | ordo = Phyllodocida | familia = Glyceridae | genus = Glycera | genus_authority = Savigny, 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = many, see text }} The genus Glycera is a group of polychaetes (bristle worms) commonly known as bloodworms. They are typically found on the bottom of shallow marine waters, and some species (e.g. common bloodworms) can grow up to 35 centimetres (14 in) in length. AnatomyBloodworms have a creative my pink color, as their pale skin allows their red body fluids that contain hemoglobin to show through. This is the origin of the name "bloodworm". At the 'head', bloodworms have four small antennae and small fleshy projections called parapodia running down their bodies.[1][2] Bloodworms can grow up to {{convert|35|cm|in}} in length. EcologyThey spend most of the time in the sandy or silty bottoms of the intertidal or subtidal regions. Though usually marine, they can tolerate low salt levels in the water, and also poor oxygen levels. Bloodworms are carnivorous. They feed by extending a large proboscis that bears four hollow jaws. The jaws are connected to glands that supply venom which they use to kill their prey, and their bite is painful even to a human. They are preyed on by other worms, by bottom-feeding fish and crustaceans, and by gulls. Reproduction occurs in midsummer, when the warmer water temperature and lunar cycle among other factors triggers sexually mature worms to transform into a non-feeding stage called the epitoke. With enlarged parapodia, they swim to the surface of the water where both sexes release gametes, and then die. The first stage in many forms of bloodworm is a zooplanktonic stage followed by the benthic instar where the familiar segmented red larvae develop protected by silk tubes made in the bottom silt. These larvae progress from tiny pale opaque worms to the larger red larvae of 3 to 10 centimeters in length or longer over a period of as short a period as 2–3 weeks in optimum conditions.[3] The animals are unique in that they contain a lot of copper without being poisoned. Their jaws are unusually strong since they too contain the metal in the form of a copper-based chloride biomineral, known as atacamite,[4] in crystalline form.[5] It is theorized that this copper is used as a catalyst for its venomous bite. SystematicsGlycera is the type genus of the family Glyceridae. It contains the following species:[6]Use by humansGlycera worms are sold commercially in tackle shops as bait for saltwater fishing.[7]References1. ^{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc|author1=Chien PK |authorlink1=Paul Chien |author2=Rice MA |authorlink2=Michael A. Rice |title=Autoradiographic localization of exogenously supplied amino acids after uptake by the polychaete, Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers |journal=Wasmann Journal of Biology |volume=43 |pages=60–71 |year=1985 |issn=0043-0927 |oclc=6322423}} [8]{{Taxonbar|from=Q1947598}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Glycera (annelid)}}Glycera alba2. ^{{cite journal |name-list-format=vanc|author1=Qafaiti M |author2=Stephens GC |authorlink2=Grover C. Stephens |title=Distribution of Amino Acids to Internal Tissues After Epidermal Uptake in the Annelid Glycera dibranchiata |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=177–191 |year=1988 |format=PDF |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/136/1/177}} 3. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccmoore.com/bait-blog/bloodworm-complete-guide-fishing-uses-applications/ |title=Bloodworm: Uses and applications as a fishing bait |access-date=2012-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315120919/http://www.ccmoore.com/bait-blog/bloodworm-complete-guide-fishing-uses-applications |archive-date=2013-03-15 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Bartl MH, Waite H, Stucky GD |title=High abrasion resistance with sparse mineralization: copper biomineral in worm jaws |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5592 |pages=389–92 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12376695 |doi=10.1126/science.1075433 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12376695}} 5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lichtenegger HC, Schöberl T, Ruokolainen JT, etal |title=Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=16 |pages=9144–9 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12886017 |pmc=170886 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1632658100 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12886017}} 6. ^Fauchald, K.; Bellan, G. (2009). Glycera Savigny, 1818. In: Fauchald, K. (Ed) (2009). World Polychaeta database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=129296 on 2009-03-12. 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/maine/articles/2017-04-27/mysterious-drop-in-prized-bait-worms-threatens-a-way-of-life|title=Abating Bait: Decline in Prized Worms Threatens Way of Life|last=WHITTLE|first=PATRICK|date=2017-04-27|website=U.S. News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232948/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/maine/articles/2017-04-27/mysterious-drop-in-prized-bait-worms-threatens-a-way-of-life|archive-date=2018-04-21|dead-url=yes|access-date=}} 8. ^http://www.aacijournal.com/content/1/2/58 2 : Polychaete genera|Phyllodocida |
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