| 词条 | Gorani language |
| 释义 |
|name=Gorani |nativename=گۆرانی Hawrami |states=Iraq and Iran |region= Primarily Hawraman and Garmian |speakers= 250,000 |date=2014 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=Indo-Iranian |fam3=Iranian |fam4=Western |fam5=Northwestern Iranian |fam6=Zaza–Gorani[1][2] |iso3=hac |glotto=gura1251 |glottorefname=Gurani |lingua=58-AAA-b }}Gorani (also Gurani) is a traditional literary language of Kurdish speakers in Zagros Mountains.[1][2] Some researchers consider Gorani a dialect of Kurdish.[3][4][5][6] However, since the beginning of 20th century some researchers have identified Gorani as a member of the Zaza-Gorani subgroup of the Northwestern Iranian languages.[7][8] Hawrami (or Hewrami) is an alternate name of Gorani.[9][10] It has similarities with other languages of the Zaza-Gorani subgroup of the Northwestern Iranian languages. Gorani is most similar to languages like Zazaki, Shabaki, Bajelani and Sarli. Gorani or Hawrami is spoken in the southwestern corner of province of Kurdistan and northwestern corner of province of Kermanshah in Iran, and in parts of the Halabja region in Iraqi Kurdistan and the Hawraman mountains between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan.[11] The oldest literary documents in these related languages, or dialects, are written in Gorani. Many Gorani speakers belong to the religious grouping Yarsanism, with a large number of religious documents written in Gorani. Gorani was once an important literary language in the parts of Western Iran but has since been replaced by Sorani.[12] In the 19th century, Gorani as a language was slowly replaced by Sorani in several cities, both in Iran and Iraq. Today, Sorani is the primary language spoken in cities including Kirkuk, Meriwan, and Halabja, which are still considered part of the greater Goran region. Kurds and Gorani speakers themselves tend to consider Gorani as a dialect of Kurdish group of languages,[13][14][15][16] which diverged off from Kurmanji speakers, Badhini and Sorani alike, at around 100 BCE.[17] The differences between the Zaza–Gorani languages and the Kurdish languages are too many, and are therefore far too great by any standard linguistic criteria to warrant classification as dialects of the same languages.[17]EtymologyThe name Goran appears to be of Indo-Iranian origin. The name may be derived from the old Avestan word, gairi, which means mountain.[18] The word Gorani refers to inhabitants of the mountains or highlanders as the suffix -i means from. The word has been used to describe mountainous regions and the regions' communities in modern Kurdish literary texts. In this sense Gorani has the same etymological background as the Gorani language spoken in the Balkans, which derives from a Slavic word 'gora' also meaning mountainous region. The name Horami is believed by some scholars to be derived from God's name in Avestan, Ahura Mazda.[19] LiteratureUnder the independent rulers of Ardalan (9th–14th / 14th–19th century), with their capital latterly at Sanandaj, Gorani became the vehicle of a considerable corpus of poetry. Gorani was and remains the first language of the scriptures of the Ahl-e Haqq sect, or Yarsanism, centered on Gahvara. Prose works, in contrast, are hardly known. The structure of Gorani verse is very simple and monotonous. It consists almost entirely of stanzas of two rhyming half-verses of ten syllables each, with no regard to the quantity of syllables. An example: دیمای حمد ذات جهان آفرین "After praise of the Being who created the world یا وام پی تعریف شای خاور زمین I have reached a description of the King of the Land of the East. Names of forty classical poets writing in Gurani are known, but the details of the lives and dates are unknown for the most part. Perhaps the earliest writer is Mala Parisha, author of a masnavi of 500 lines on the Shi'ite faith who is reported to have lived around 1398–99. Other poets are known from the 17th–19th centuries and include Mahzuni, Shaikh Mostafa Takhti, Khana Qubadi, Yusuf Zaka, and Ahmab Beg Komashi. One of the last great poets to complete a book of poems (divan) in Gurani is Mala Abd-al Rahm of Tawa-Goz south of Halabja. There exist also a dozen or more long epic or romantic masnavis, mostly translated by anonymous writers from Persian literature including: Bijan and Manijeh, Khurshid-i Khawar, Khosrow and Shirin, Layla and Majnun, Shirin and Farhad, Haft Khwan-i Rostam and Sultan Jumjuma. Manuscripts of these works are currently preserved in the national libraries of Berlin, London, and Paris. Some Gorani literary works:
Hawrami{{Main article|Hawrami dialects}}Hawrami (هەورامی; Hewramî) also known as Avromani, Awromani or Owrami, is one of the main groups of dialects of the Gorani language, and is regarded as the most archaic of the Gorani group.[20] It is mostly spoken in the Hawraman region, a mountainous region located in western Iran (Iranian Kurdistan) and northeastern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan). The key cities of this region are Pawe in Iran and Halabja in Iraq. Hawrami is sometimes called Auramani or Horami by people foreign to the region. Gorans{{main article|Guran (Kurdish tribe)|Kurdish people}}There are also large communities of people of Ahl-e Haqq in some regions of Iranian Azerbaijan. The town of Ilkhichi (İlxıçı), which is located 87 km south west of Tabriz is almost entirely populated by Yâresânis. {{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} But they are ethnically Turks. Groups with similar beliefs also exist in Iranian Kurdistan. Both the Dersim (Zazaki) people and the Gorani people, adhere to a form of Yazdanism. These people are called under the various names, such as Ali-Ilahis and Ahl-e Haqq. Groups with similar beliefs also exist in all parts of Kurdistan. See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title=Chaman Ara، Behrooz. The Kurdish Shahnama and its Literary and Religious Implications. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; Auflage، 2015. .|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=1511523492|location=|pages=}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/273257|title=چمن آرا، ب، درآمدی بر ادب حماسی و پهلوانی کُردی با تکیه بر شاهنامه کُردی، جستارهای ادبی سال چهل و چهارم بهار 1390 شماره 172|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=ارانسکی. ای ام، مقدمه فقه اللغة ایرانی، ترجمه كریم کشاورز، انتشارات پیام، ١٣٥٨ ، ص ٣٣١|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title=خەزنەدار، م. (2002). مێژووی ئەدەبی کوردی، ئاراس، ھەولێر|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title=سەجادی، ع، (1951). مێژووی ئەدەبی کوردی، چاپخانەی مەعارف، بەغدا.|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title=احمدی، ج. "تاریخ ادبیات کردی از آغاز تا جنگ جهانی" انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، 1395.|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 7. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/zaza-gorani|title=Zaza-Gorani|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}} 8. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=AZGUEQmFqfMC&pg=PA564&lpg=PA564&dq=zaza+gorani+shabak+language&source=bl&ots=Rp5HArGnWg&sig=_Qvw1GvO75a5Nb8LOHardxBu-zk&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtyrzi_ZreAhXL2KQKHVtMCIk4ChDoATABegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=zaza%20gorani&f=false|title=A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World|last=Hulst|first=Harry van der|last2=Goedemans|first2=Rob|last3=Zanten|first3=Ellen van|date=2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110196313|language=en}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hac/21|title=Gurani|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/16/show_language/hac/|title=Ethnologue report for language code: hac|website=www.ethnologue.com|access-date=2018-10-24}} 11. ^"Kurdish language." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Nov. 2010 12. ^Meri, Josef W. Medieval Islamic Civilization: A–K, index. p 444 13. ^"Kurdish Nationalism and Competing Ethnic Loyalties", Original English version of: "Nationalisme kurde et ethnicités intra-kurdes", Peuples Méditerranéens no. 68–69 (1994), 11-37 14. ^Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina. "Syncretistic religious communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium, Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present”, Berlin, 14–17 April 1995 15. ^Ozoglu, Hakan. "Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state." Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004 16. ^Romano, David. "The Kurdish nationalist movement: opportunity, mobilization, and identity." Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 17. ^1 {{Cite book|title=The Kurds: A concise Handbook|last=Izady|first=Mehrdad R.|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1992|isbn=|location=London|pages=170|via=}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.avesta.org/avdict/avdict.htm#dctg|title=Avestan Dictionary|first=Joseph H.|last=Peterson|publisher=}} 19. ^Nyberg, H.S. (1923), The Pahlavi documents of Avroman, Le Monde Oriental, XVII, p.189. 20. ^D. N. Mackenzie Avromani, Encyclopedia Iranica Textbooks
External links{{Incubator|code=hac}}
5 : Northwestern Iranian languages|Endangered languages|Endangered Iranian languages|Endangered languages of Iran|Endangered languages of Iraq |
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