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词条 Gordon Bennett Cup (ballooning)
释义

  1. Rules

  2. Unofficial events

  3. Incidents

  4. Official winners

  5. Notes

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{Infobox sports award
| name = Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett
| current_event =
| image =
| sport = Gas ballooning
| competition =
| discipline =
| givenfor =
| english = Gordon Bennett Cup
| localnames =
| nickname =
| first = September 30, 1906
| number = 62
| last =
| firstwinner = Frank Purdy Lahm
| mostwins = Vincent Leys (nine)
| mostrecent = Mateusz Rękas, Jacek Bogdański (2018)
}}

The Gordon Bennett Cup (or {{lang|fr|Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett}}) is the world's oldest gas balloon race, and is "regarded as the premier event of world balloon racing" according to the Los Angeles Times.[1][2] Referred to as the "Blue Ribbon" of aeronautics, the first race started from Paris, France, on September 30, 1906.[1] The event was sponsored by James Gordon Bennett, Jr., the millionaire sportsman and owner of the New York Herald newspaper.[2] According to the organizers, the aim of the contest "is simple: to fly the furthest distance from the launch site."[2] The contest ran from 1906 to 1938, interrupted by World War I and in 1931, but was suspended in 1939 when the hosts, Poland, were invaded at the start of World War II. The event was not resurrected until 1979, when American Tom Heinsheimer, an atmospheric physicist, gained permission from the holders to host the trophy.[3] The competition was not officially reinstated by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) until 1983.[4]

The record time for the winner of the event is held by Germans Wilhelm Eimers and Bernd Landsmann who remained airborne for over 92 hours in the 1995 race,[5] taking off from Switzerland and landing four days later in Latvia. The distance record is held by the Belgian duo of Bob Berben and Benoît Siméons who, in 2005, piloted their balloon {{convert|3400|km|sp=us}} from Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, to Squatec, Quebec, Canada.[5] The most successful pilot is French Vincent Leys who won the trophy nine times between 1997 and 2017, while American teams have won on the most occasions, with twelve victories.

The 2010 competition started in the United Kingdom, with the balloons departing from Bristol on September 25. The race was marred by the disappearance of the American team during a storm over the Adriatic Sea on October 1.[6] The balloon was missing until December 6, when a fishing vessel found the cabin containing the pilots' bodies off the coast of Italy.[7] The 2013 event, departing from France and landing in Portugal, was again won by the French in F-PPGB.[12]

Rules

According to the official rules, the competition is open to all National Aero Clubs (NACs) "who have met their obligations to the FAI", with each NAC being allowed to enter up to three teams whose pilots are of the same nationality as the NAC.[8] Before this, only two teams from any single NAC were permitted to compete in a single competition.[14] Pilots should have at least 50 hours experience as pilot in command and be authorized for night-time flying. At least one member of each team must be capable of communicating with Air Traffic Control in English.[8]

The team who wins the contest receives the Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett trophy and the team's NAC will hold the contest two years later (originally the winning NAC would host the competition the following year). Any NAC winning the cup in three consecutive races will be the final holder of the cup with the subsequent option to offer a new cup.[9]

Unofficial events

Resurrected in 1979 by American Tom Heinsheimer, the competition was held without official FAI sanction for four years. Ben Abruzzo and Maxie Anderson secured victory piloting Double Eagle III {{convert|987|km|sp=us}} in 47 hours from California to Colorado.[3] The following year, the winning team of Jerry Tepper and Corky Myers floated {{convert|862|km|sp=us}} from the takeoff point in California.[10] The 1981 race was won again by Abruzzo, with different co-pilot Rocky Aoki, who covered {{convert|2168|km|sp=us}} before touching down,[19] while the 1982 race was won by Joe Kittinger and Charles Knapp who piloted Rosie O'Grady {{convert|1423|km|sp=us}}.[11] Heinsheimer attempted to gain the copyright over the name "Gordon Bennett" and run the event without FAI sanction. However the FAI were granted exclusive rights to the name in 1983, and the organization officially reinstated the competition later that year.[4] Heinsheimer went on to arrange further contests in the United States which were still reported in the national press as being the "Gordon Bennett Balloon Race" or similar.[12][13][14]

Incidents

The 1908 race in Berlin saw the fall of the balloon Conqueror, flown by A. Holland Forbes and Augustus Post. Conqueror was the largest balloon entered in the race, standing 80 feet high and with a gas capacity of 80,000 cubic feet. Before the race Forbes had attempted to lengthen the balloon's appendix to give the team a strategic advantage. Instead the balloon hit a fence just after take off, lost two ballast bags, ascended rapidly and ripped open three minutes into the race. The pair slashed off ballast as they fell 3,000 feet. Their descent was slowed only as the balloon's fabric caught in the netting and formed a rough parachute. They took hold of the ring above them and lifted their feet as the basket smashed through the tiled roof of a house in the Berlin suburb of Friedenau. Both the men and their instruments survived intact.[15][16]

The winners of the 1910 Gordon Bennett Cup, Alan R. Hawley and Augustus Post, set a distance and duration record of 1,173 miles in 44 hours and 25 minutes,[17] but the pair of experienced balloonists landed in a remote section of Canadian wilderness in Quebec. After a week passed with no word from the team, search parties were formed by the Aero Club of America, but many newspapers reported that the men were likely dead. Instead they emerged after ten days, assisted by two local trappers who had been out on a hunting trip and happened to run into them. Hawley had injured a knee, but otherwise the pair were unharmed and received a hero's welcome upon their safe return.[18]

On September 23, 1923, five competitors were killed when they were struck by lightning while six more were injured in storms. Among the dead were Lieutenants John W. Choptaw and Robert S. Olmsted who were killed when their balloon "US Army S6" crashed in Loosbroek, Netherlands.[19][20][21] Sixty years later, in 1983, Americans Maxie Anderson and Don Ida were killed as the gondola detached from their balloon during an attempt to avoid crossing into East German airspace.[22] Anderson and Ida were participating in the "Coupe Charles et Robert" (named for Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers, inventors of the gas balloon) which was run in parallel with the Gordon Bennett Cup. Following their deaths, the "Coupe Charles et Robert" was never run again.[23]

On September 12, 1995, three gas balloons participating in the race entered Belarusian air space. Despite the fact that competition organizers had informed the Belarusian Government about the race in May and that flight plans had been filed, a Mil Mi-24B attack helicopter of the Belarusian Air Force shot down one balloon,[24][25] killing two American citizens, Alan Fraenckel and John Stuart-Jervis.[26][27] Another of the balloons was forced to land while the third landed safely over two hours after the initial downing. The crews of the two balloons were fined for entering Belarus without a visa and released. Belarus has neither apologized nor offered compensation for the deaths.[28]

On September 29, 2010, the 2004 trophy-winning American team of Richard Abruzzo and Carol Rymer Davis went missing in thunderstorms over the Adriatic Sea.[29] On September 30, the USA retrieval crew suggested that the balloon may have ditched in the sea or have been destroyed by lightning.[30] Debris was found on October 1 by search crews but race control determined that it was not from the missing balloon.[31] Despite this, organizers later stated that the final calculated rate of descent of the balloon had been about {{convert|50|mph}}, and that the team's survival was "unlikely".[32] The search for the missing pair was called off on October 4.[6] The balloon's cabin containing the bodies was recovered by an Italian fishing boat on December 6.[7]

Official winners

Key

Record breaking flights are denoted by the following:

Record *
EditionCap|A|A Starting point Crew Country Balloon name Time
(hh:mm)		 Distance
(km)
11906|9|30}}France Paris|Paris (France)}}Frank|Lahm|Frank Purdy Lahm}}, Henry HerseyUSA|1896}}United States22:15{{sort|0641|641.10}}
21907|10|27}}United States Saint|St. Louis (United States)}}Oskar|Erbslöh|Oskar Erbslöh}}, Henry Helm ClaytonGermany|empire}}Pommern40:001,403.55
31908|10|11}}Germany Berlin|Berlin (Germany)}}Theodor|Schaek|Theodor Schaeck|nolink=1}}, Emil MessnerSwitzerland}}Helvetia73:011,190.00
41909|10|03}}Switzerland Zurich|Zürich (Switzerland)}}Edgar W.|Mix|Edgar W. Mix|nolink=1}}, Andre RousselUSA|1908}}America II35:071,121.11
51910|10|17}}United States Saint|St. Louis (United States)}}Alan|Ramsay Hawley}}, Augustus PostUSA|1908}}America II44:251,887.60
61911|10|5}}United States Kansas|Kansas City (United States)}}Hans|Gericke|nolink=1}}, Otto DunckerGermany|empire}}Berlin II12:28{{sort|0757|757.84}}
71912|10|27}}Germany Stuttgart|Stuttgart (Germany)}}Maurice|Bienaimé|nolink=1}}, René RumpelmayerFrance}}La Picardie45:422,191.00
81913|10|12}}France Paris|Paris (France)}}Ralph Hazlett|Upson}} Ralph Albion Drury PrestonUSA|1912}}Goodyear43:30{{sort|0618|618.00}}
91920|10|23}}United States Birmingham|Birmingham (United States)}}Ernest|Demuyter|nolink=1}}, Mathieu LabrousseBelgium}}Belgica40:151,769.00
101921|09|18}}Belgium Brussels|Brussels (Belgium)}}Paul|Armbruster|nolink=1}}, Louis AnsermierSwitzerland}}Zürich27:24{{sort|0766|766.00}}
111922|08|06}}Switzerland Geneva|Geneva (Switzerland)}}Ernest|Demuyter|nolink=1}}, Alexander VeenstraBelgium}}Belgica25:491,372.10
121923|09|23}}Belgium Brussels|Brussels (Belgium)}}Ernest|Demuyter|nolink=1}}, Leon CoeckelberghBelgium}}Belgica21:001,155.00
131924|06|15}}Belgium Brussels|Brussels (Belgium)}}Ernest|Demuyter|nolink=1}}, Leon CoeckelberghBelgium}}Belgica43:16{{sort|0714|714.00}}
141925|06|07}}{{sort|Belgium Brussels|Brussels (Belgium)}}{{sortname|Alexander|Veenstra|nolink=1}}, Philippe Quersin{{Flag|Belgium}}Prince Leopold47:301,345.00
151926|05|30}}{{sort|Belgium Antwerp|Antwerp (Belgium)}}{{sortname|Ward|Van Orman}}, Walter W. Morton{{flag|USA|1912}}Goodyear III16:37{{sort|0864|864.00}}
161927|09|10}}{{sort|United States Detroit|Detroit (United States)}}{{sortname|Edward J.|Hill}}, Arthur G. Schlosser{{flag|USA|1912}}Detroit48:001,198.00
171928|06|30}}{{sort|United States Detroit|Detroit (United States)}}{{sortname|William Elsworth|Kepner|nolink=1}}, William Olmstead Eareckson{{flag|USA|1912}}US Army48:00{{sort|0740|740.80}}
181929|09|28}}{{sort|United States Saint|St. Louis (United States)}}{{sortname|Ward|Van Orman}}, Alan L. McCracken{{flag|USA|1912}}Goodyear VIII24:00{{sort|0548|548.94}}
191930|09|01}}{{sort|United States Cleveland|Cleveland (United States)}}{{sortname|Ward|Van Orman}}, Alan L. McCracken{{flag|USA|1912}}Goodyear VIII27:56{{sort|0872|872.00}}
201932|09|25}}{{sort|Switzerland Basel|Basel (Switzerland)}}{{sortname|Thomas G. W.|Settle}}, Wilfred Bushnell{{flag|USA|1912}}US Navy41:201,550.00
211933|09|02}}{{sort|United States Chicago|Chicago (United States)}}{{sortname|Franciszek|Hynek|nolink=1}}, Zbigniew Burzyński{{Flag|Poland}}SP-ADS Kościuszko38:321,361.00
221934|09|23}}{{sort|Poland Warsaw|Warsaw (Poland)}}{{sortname|Franciszek|Hynek|nolink=1}}, Władysław Pomaski{{Flag|Poland}}SP-ADS Kościuszko44:481,333.00
231935|09|16}}{{sort|Poland Warsaw|Warsaw (Poland)}}{{sortname|Zbigniew|Burzyński}}, Władysław Wysocki{{Flag|Poland}}SP-AMY Polonia II57:541,650.47
241936|08|30}}{{sort|Poland Warsaw|Warsaw (Poland)}}{{sortname|Ernest|Demuyter|nolink=1}}, Pierre Hoffmans{{Flag|Belgium}}OO-BFM Belgica46:241,715.80
251937|06|20}}{{sort|Belgium Brussels|Brussels (Belgium)}}{{sortname|Ernest|Demuyter|nolink=1}}, Pierre Hoffmans{{Flag|Belgium}}OO-BFM Belgica46:151,396.00
261938|09|11}}{{sort|Belgium Liege|Liège (Belgium)}}{{sortname|Antoni|Janusz|Antoni Janusz (pilot)}}, Franciszek Janik{{Flag|Poland}}SP-BCU LOPP37:471,692.00
26.5|—1939|09|03}}{{sort|Poland Lwow|Lwów (Poland)}}{{ref label|Cap|B|B}}—{{sort|aaaaa|—}}{{sort|aaaaa|—}}{{sort|00:00|—}}{{sort|0000|—}}
271983|06|25}}{{sort|France Paris|Paris (France)}}{{sortname|Stefan|Makné|nolink=1}}, Ireneusz Cieślak{{Flag|Poland}}SP-BZO Polonez36:00{{sort|0690|690.00}}
281984|10|13}}{{sort|Switzerland Zurich|Zürich (Switzerland)}}{{sortname|Karl|Spenger|nolink=1}}, Martin Messner{{Flag|Switzerland}}HB-BFC Jura43:08{{sort|0793|793.00}}
291985|9|28}}{{sort|Switzerland Geneva|Geneva (Switzerland)}}{{sortname|Josef|Starkbaum}}, Gert Scholz{{Flag|Austria}}HB-BBL Volksbank21:09{{sort|0342|342.00}}
301986|10|18}}{{sort|Austria Salzburg|Salzburg (Austria)}}{{sortname|Josef|Starkbaum}}, Gert Scholz{{Flag|Austria}}HB-BBL Volksbank19:11{{sort|0272|272.43}}
311987|10|03}}{{sort|Austria Seefeld|Seefeld (Austria)}}{{sortname|Josef|Starkbaum}}, Gert Scholz{{Flag|Austria}}HB-BBL Volksbank32:16{{sort|0852|852.00}}
321988|10|23 }}{{sort|Austria Bregenz|Bregenz (Austria)}}{{sortname|Josef|Starkbaum}}, Gert Scholz{{Flag|Austria}}OE-PZS Polarstern41:091,110.90
331989|09|16 }}{{sort|Austria Lech|Lech (Austria)}}{{sortname|Josef|Starkbaum}}, Gert Scholz{{Flag|Austria}}OE-PZS Polarstern37:33{{sort|0911|911.20}}
341990|09|02 }}{{sort|Austria Lech|Lech (Austria)}}{{sortname|Josef|Starkbaum}}, Gert Scholz{{Flag|Austria}}OE-PZS Polarstern33:20{{sort|0692|692.50}}
351991|09|21}}{{sort|Austria Lech|Lech (Austria)}}{{sortname|Volker|Kuinke|nolink=1}}, Jürgen Schubert{{Flag|Germany}}D-EUREGIO44:181,039.40
361992|09|19 }}{{sort|Germany Stuttgart|Stuttgart (Germany)}}{{sortname|David N.|Levin}}, James Herschend{{Flag|USA}}D-ASPEN45:36{{sort|0964|964.19}}
371993|10|04}}{{sort|United States Albuquerque|Albuquerque (United States)}}{{sortname|Josef|Starkbaum}}, Rainer Röhsler{{Flag|Austria}}OE-PZS Polarstern59:291,832.00
381994|09|18}}{{sort|Austria Lech|Lech (Austria)}}{{sortname|Karl|Spenger|nolink=1}}, Christian Stoll{{Flag|Switzerland}}HB-BZH Stadt Wil31:01{{sort|0825|825.14}}
391995|09|09}}{{sort|Switzerland Wil|Wil (Switzerland)}}{{sortname|Wilhelm|Eimers|nolink=1}}, Bernd Landsmann{{Flag|Germany}}D-OCOL Columbus II92:11 *1,628.10
401996|09|28}}{{sort|Germany Warstein|Warstein (Germany)}}{{sortname|Wilhelm|Eimers|nolink=1}}, Bernd Landsmann{{Flag|Germany}}D-OCOL Columbus II72:011,286.90
411997|09|07}}{{sort|Germany Warstein|Warstein (Germany)}}{{sortname|Vincent|Leys|nolink=1}}, Jean François Leys{{Flag|France}}F-PPSE Le Petit Prince45:301,732.50
421998|09|12}}{{sort|France Paris|Paris (France)}}{{ref label|Cap|C|C}}—{{sort|aaaaa|—}}{{sort|aaaaa|—}}{{sort|00:00|—}}{{sort|0000|—}}
431999|10|01}}{{sort|United States Alburquerque|Albuquerque (United States)}}{{sortname|Phillipe de|Cock|nolink=1}}, Ronny Van Havere{{Flag|Belgium}}D-OCOX Belgica II40:151,666.54
442000|09|09}}{{sort|Belgium Saint-Hubert|Saint-Hubert (Belgium)}}{{sortname|Wilhelm|Eimers|nolink=1}}, Bernd Landsmann{{Flag|Germany}}D-OOWE Columbus IV70:49{{sort|0795|795.70}}
452001|09|08}}{{sort|Germany Warstein|Warstein (Germany)}}{{sortname|Vincent|Leys|nolink=1}}, Jean François Leys{{Flag|France}}F-PPSE Le Petit Prince77:471,626.60
462002|08|31}}{{sort|France Chatellerault|Châtellerault (France)}}{{sortname|Vincent|Leys|nolink=1}}, Jean François Leys{{Flag|France}}F-PPSE Le Petit Prince69:591,282.30
472003|09|14}}{{sort|France Arc-et-Senans|Arc-et-Senans (France)}}{{sortname|Vincent|Leys|nolink=1}}, Jean François Leys{{Flag|France}}F-PPSE Le Petit Prince53:421,596.50
482004|08|29}}France Thionville|Thionville (France)}}Richard|Abruzzo| }}, Carol Rymer DavisUSA}}N96YD Zero Gravity52:521,803.36
492005|10|01}}United States Alburquerque|Albuquerque (United States)}}Bob|Berben|nolink=1}}, Benoît SiméonsBelgium}}N6326T65:203,400.39 *
502006|09|09}}Belgium Waasmunster|Waasmunster (Belgium)}}Philippe de|Cock|nolink=1}}, Ronny Van HavereBelgium}}D-OCOX Belgica 266:532,449.60
512007|09|15}}Belgium Brussels|Brussels (Belgium)}}{{ref label|Cap|C|C}}—{{sort|aaaaa|—}}{{sort|aaaaa|—}}{{sort|00:00|—}}{{sort|0000|—}}
522008|10|07}}United States Albuquerque|Albuquerque (United States)}}David|Hempleman-Adams}}, Jonathan MasonGreat Britain}}N5054 Lady Luck74:121,768.67
532009|09|05}}Switzerland Geneva|Geneva (Switzerland)}}Sébastien|Rolland|nolink=1}}, Vincent LeysFrance}}F-PPSE Golden Eyes85:181,588.29
542010|09|25}}England Bristol|Bristol (England)}}Kurt|Frieden|nolink=1}}, Pascal Witpraechtiger[45]Switzerland}}[45]HB-QKF[45]58:37{{0|[22]}}58:37[33]2,434.31{{0|[22]}}2,434.31[33]
552011|09|10}}France Gap-Tallard|Gap-Tallard (France)}}Sébastien|Rolland|nolink=1}}, Vincent LeysFrance}}F-PPSE26:42{{0|[22]}}26:42[34]{{sort|0779|779.83}}
562012|08|31}}Toggenburg|Toggenburg (Switzerland)}}Sébastien|Rolland|nolink=1}}, Vincent LeysFrance}}F-PPGB69:02{{0|[22]}}69:02[35]{{sort|1620|1620.06}}
572013|08|24}}Grand Nancy-Tomblaine|Grand Nancy-Tomblaine (France)}} Vincent Leys, Christophe HouverFrance}}F-PPGB73:33{{0|[22]}}73:33{{sort|1402|1402.42}}[36]
582014|08|29}}Vichy|Vichy (France)}} Wilhelm Eimers, Matthias ZengeGermany}}D-OTLI-{{0|[22]}}61:35{{sort|1410|1410.64}}[37]
592015|08|28}}Pau|Pau (France)}} Kurt Frieden, Pascal WitprächtigerSwitzerland}}HB-QKF-{{0|[22]}}68:21{{sort|2080|2080.80}}[38]
602016|09|18}}Gladbeck|Gladbeck (Germany)}} Kurt Frieden, Pascal WitprächtigerSwitzerland}}HB-QKF MM Technics-{{0|[22]}}58:12{{sort|1803|1803.40}}[39]
612017|09|08}}Fribourg|Fribourg (Switzerland)}} Vincent Leys, Christophe HouverFrance}}F-PPGB-{{0|[22]}}36:20{{sort|1836|1836.06}}
622018|09|27}}Bern|Bern (Switzerland)}} Mateusz Rękas, Jacek BogdańskiPoland}}D-OWBA-{{0|[22]}}58:28{{sort|1145|1145.29}}
{{Gallery
|title=Gordon Bennett Cup images
|width=165 | height=170 | lines=4
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Frank Lahm.jpg |
|Frank Lahm, inaugural winner of the cup
|File:GB_Cup_Grandstand_Mass_Inflation_of_Balloons.jpg |
|St. Louis GB Cup 1907, mass inflation of balloons
|File:United States Balloon St. Louis, Gordon Bennett Cup, Oct. 21, 1907.jpg |
|The balloon United States rises, October 21, 1907, St. Louis, Gordon Bennett 'Great Balloon Race of 1907'
|File:Parseval-Broschuere-04 Gordon-Bennet-Rennen 1909 Zurich.png |
|Gordon Bennett balloon race in 1909, Zürich featuring the Parseval airship PL-1
|File:Thomas Settle-from video.png |
|1932 winning pilot Thomas G. W. Settle
|File:David Levin by 1rhb.jpg |
|1992 winning pilot David N. Levin
|File:GordonBennett 0609 2 Launch 48.jpg |
|Launch day of the 50th Gordon Bennett Cup in Waasmunster, Oost-Vlaanderen
|File:Coupe Gordon Bennett 2007-01.JPG |
|Gordon Bennett Cup 2007, Brussels
}}

Notes

  • {{note label|Cap|A|A}}The competition was not held from 1914 to 1919 as a result of World War I, not held in 1931, nor from 1939 to 1982.[56]
  • {{note label|Cap|B|B}}Canceled as a result of the outbreak of World War II.[40]
  • {{note label|Cap|C|C}}Canceled due to bad weather.[40]

See also

{{Commons category|Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning}}
  • Gordon Bennett Cup in auto racing
  • Hot air balloon festivals
{{clear}}

References

1. ^{{Cite news| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200067.html |work=Flight Global|page=69| date=January 30, 1909|accessdate=September 27, 2010|title = Aero Club of the United Kingdom — Official notices to members — Gordon-Bennett Aeronautical Race, 1909}}
2. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/ |publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale |title=The Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett |accessdate=September 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009101601/http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/ |archivedate=October 9, 2010 |df= }}
3. ^1 {{Cite web |url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1095034/1/index.htm | title = A Bunch Of Basket Cases| first=Joe|last=Jares|accessdate=October 5, 2010|date=June 11, 1979|work = Sports Illustrated| publisher=Time Inc}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web | url = http://www.fai.org/ballooning/system/files/CIA-Policy-Manual-to-1997.doc | format = doc | accessdate = October 5, 2010 | title = CIA Policy Manual | date = June 1997 | page = C6/6 | quote = The First Official Gordon Bennett Cup race since 1938 will take place on 26 June 1983, from Place de la Concorde in Paris, the same spot where the first race started on September 30th 1906. | publisher = Fédération Aéronautique Internationale | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110809181951/http://www.fai.org/ballooning/system/files/CIA-Policy-Manual-to-1997.doc | archivedate = 9 August 2011 | df = }}
5. ^1 {{Cite web | url = http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/system/files/CIA-GB-Winning-Pilots.xls | title = Winning pilots and co-pilots (alphabetic list) | accessdate = September 27, 2010 | publisher = Fédération Aéronautique Internationale | format = xls | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101008041306/http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/system/files/CIA-GB-Winning-Pilots.xls | archivedate = October 8, 2010 | df = }}
6. ^1 {{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-11471461 | title = Italian coastguards call off search for US balloonists| date = October 4, 2010| accessdate=October 4, 2010| publisher = BBC News}}
7. ^1 {{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11925697 | title = Bodies of missing US balloonists found off Italy| date = December 6, 2010| accessdate=December 6, 2010|publisher = BBC News}}
8. ^1 {{Cite web| url=http://www.fai.org/ballooning/system/files/CIA-GB-MER-2010.doc| format=doc| title=Model Event Rules for Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett| year=2010| accessdate=September 28, 2010| publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale| page=2| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809180044/http://www.fai.org/ballooning/system/files/CIA-GB-MER-2010.doc| archivedate=August 9, 2011| df=}}
9. ^{{Cite web| url=http://www.fai.org/ballooning/system/files/CIA-GB-MER-2010.doc| format=doc| title=Model Event Rules for Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett| year=2010| accessdate=September 28, 2010| publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale| pages=5, 10–11| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809180044/http://www.fai.org/ballooning/system/files/CIA-GB-MER-2010.doc| archivedate=August 9, 2011| df=}}
10. ^{{Cite web | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n6ISAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_vYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6571,1358180&dq=gordon+bennett&hl=en | title = 2 Denver pilots win Gordon Bennett race | work = The Bulletin |location=Bend, Oregon| accessdate= October 5, 2010| date = April 30, 1980| page=43}}
11. ^1 {{Cite web | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=THgUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6858,7131960&dq=gordon-bennett+1980+balloon&hl=en | title = Balloonists' 884-Mile Flight Is Tops In Endurance Race | work = Toledo Blade | publisher = Block Communications| accessdate= October 5, 2010 | date = May 10, 1982 | page=12}}
12. ^{{Cite web | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aWoRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=F-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2980,1404155 | title = Winner declared in balloon race| work = The Register-Guard | location= Eugene, Oregon| date = May 6, 1986 | accessdate=October 7, 2010| page = 3A}}
13. ^{{Cite web | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1PgPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FI8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6777,4367813 | title = Rosie O'Grady wins balloon race | work = Ellensburg Daily Record| accessdate = October 7, 2010 | date = May 3, 1988 | page=9}}
14. ^{{Cite web | url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/66585445.html?dids=66585445:66585445&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT | title = Rolling Hills Official Nudges Soviets to an Uplifting Venture Ballooning: The Soviet Union gets its first taste of the sport in a competitive, international venue and a glimpse at its research application.| work = Los Angeles Times | first=Ann |last=Johnson|date = October 28, 1989 | page = 28}}
15. ^Post, Augustus (October 1908). "A Fall From the Sky". The Century Magazine: 935–946 – via UNZ.org.
16. ^{{cite news|title=Aeronauts Unhurt in 4,000 Foot Fall|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11780317/aeronauts_unhurt_in_4000_foot_fall/|newspaper= The Washington Times=October 12, 1908|page=1|via = Newspapers.com|accessdate = June 17, 2017 }} {{free access}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.fai.org/gordonbennett/results|title=Results|last=Carrera|first=Faustine|website=www.fai.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-06-23}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
18. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4tHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&lpg=PA451&dq=%22A+record+voyage+in+the+air%22+augustus+post&source=bl&ots=6ALG7HT-zH&sig=lq2PS9XTIwaNroCYXbOaPjYWRe4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyuOtl5_UAhUB24MKHUuRBcoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22A%20record%20voyage%20in%20the%20air%22%20augustus%20post&f=false|title=A Record Voyage in the Air|last=Post|first=Augustus|publisher=Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine|year=1911|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url =http://www.bhic.nl/index.php?id=11607 |title = Luchtballon op Loosbroek | publisher = Brabants Historisch Informatie Centrum|language=Dutch|accessdate=March 3, 2011}}
20. ^{{Cite journal|year= 1925 |title = Scores of Lives Deliberately Risked and Sacrificed in Pursuit of Knowledge to Protect Others From Disease and Death | journal = Popular Mechanics|volume= 44|issue= July |pages=49–54 |publisher= Popular Mechanics Co|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DtsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA49&lpg=RA1-PA49&dq=%22Scores+of+Lives+Deliberately+Risked+and+Sacrificed+in+Pursuit+of+Knowledge+to+Protect+Others+From+Disease+and+Death+%22#v=onepage&q=%22Scores%20of%20Lives%20Deliberately%20Risked%20and%20Sacrificed%20in%20Pursuit%20of%20Knowledge%20to%20Protect%20Others%20From%20Disease%20and%20Death%20%22&f=false}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://digital.hagley.org/u?/p268001coll33,35 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707095332/http://digital.hagley.org/u?/p268001coll33,35 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |title=First photos of International Balloon Race which resulted in five deaths |publisher=Hagley Digital Archives |accessdate=March 8, 2011 }}
22. ^{{Cite web | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4NQVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PBIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,17746&dq=maxie+anderson&hl=en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223114056/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4NQVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PBIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,17746&dq=maxie+anderson&hl=en | dead-url = yes | archive-date = December 23, 2015 | work = The Milwaukee Sentinel | page = 3 | date = July 1, 1983 | accessdate = September 28, 2010 | title = Balloon tried to avoid border }}
23. ^1 {{Cite web| url=http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/system/files/CIA-GB-book-1983-story.doc| title=The 27th Gordon Bennett Race 1983| format=doc| accessdate=October 6, 2010| last=Hohmann Sr| first=Ulrich| publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725202029/http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/system/files/CIA-GB-book-1983-story.doc| archivedate=July 25, 2011| df=}}
24. ^1 {{Cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/14/world/2-american-balloonists-die-when-shot-down-in-belarus.html| work =The New York Times | publisher = The New York Times Company| accessdate=September 28, 2010|date=September 14, 1995|title = 2 American Balloonists Die When Shot Down in Belarus|first=Malcolm W.|last=Browne}}
25. ^{{Cite web | url = http://flightsafety.org/ap/ap_july96.pdf| format=pdf|publisher=Flight Safety Foundation | accessdate=September 28, 2010|date=July 1996 | title = Racing Balloon Is Shot Down by Attack Helicopter in Belarus}}
26. ^1 {{Cite web | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1995-09-15/news/mn-46149_1_american-balloon | accessdate=September 28, 2010| date=September 15, 1995| title = Ill-Fated Balloonists Shared Passion for Flying| first=Marlene|last=Cimons|author2=Williams, Carol J.|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher = Tribune Company}}
27. ^{{Cite web| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/belarus-shoots-down-us-balloon-1600976.html | work = The Independent | accessdate=September 28, 2010| date = September 14, 1995| title = Belarus shoots down US balloon}}
28. ^{{Cite web | url = https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5371.htm | title = Belarus| publisher = United States Department of State | date= August 27, 2010| accessdate=September 28, 2010}}
29. ^{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-11434556| publisher=BBC News| accessdate= September 30, 2010| date=September 29, 2010| title = Hydrogen race balloonists missing in Adriatic storm}}
30. ^{{Cite web |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-11448372 | title = Lightning may have struck missing balloonists' craft | date = September 30, 2010| accessdate=September 30, 2010| publisher = BBC News}}
31. ^{{Cite web | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/10/01/missing.balloonists/?hpt=T2 | publisher = CNN | accessdate= October 1, 2010| title = Debris may not be of missing balloon | date = October 1, 2010 | first = Hada|last=Messia}}
32. ^{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-11451314 | title = Gordon Bennett director 'pessimistic' about balloonists | date = October 1, 2010| accessdate=October 1, 2010| publisher = BBC News}}
33. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web | url = http://www.gordonbennett2010.com | title = Race Home Page | publisher = The British Balloon and Airship Company Ltd | accessdate = October 6, 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101002183128/http://www.gordonbennett2010.com/ | archivedate = October 2, 2010 | df = }}
34. ^{{Cite web | url = http://www.gordonbennett2011.org/GB_eBoard.html | title = Event Director's eBoard | publisher = www.gordonbennett2011.org | accessdate = September 9, 2012 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111220015217/http://www.gordonbennett2011.org/GB_eBoard.html | archivedate = December 20, 2011 | df = }}
35. ^{{Cite web | url = http://www.gordonbennett2012.ch/read-news/items/en-official-results-final.html | title = Official Results Are Final | publisher = www.gordonbennett2012.ch | accessdate = September 9, 2012 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121016061317/http://www.gordonbennett2012.ch/read-news/items/en-official-results-final.html | archivedate = October 16, 2012 | df = }}
36. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.gordonbennett2013.org/index.php/read-news/items/official-results.html?file=tl_files/content/GB13pictures/2013_08_29_0800lcl_GordonBennett_Results_official_sorted.pdf|title=57th. Coupe Aéronautique Gordon BennettFAI World Long Distance Gas Balloon Championship Official Results|last=Haggeney|first=Markus|date=August 29, 2013|publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale|work=GordonBennet2013.org|accessdate=2 September 2013|format=pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305123545/http://www.gordonbennett2013.org/index.php/read-news/items/official-results.html?file=tl_files%2Fcontent%2FGB13pictures%2F2013_08_29_0800lcl_GordonBennett_Results_official_sorted.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonbennett2014.org|title=58th. Coupe Aéronautique Gordon BennettFAI World Long Distance Gas Balloon Championship|work=GordonBennet2014.org|accessdate=2 September 2014}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonbennett.aero/coupe/press-release.html|title=59th Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett Victory for Swiss Team SUI 01 Frieden and Witprächtiger!|work=gordonbennett.aero|accessdate=9 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211045/http://www.gordonbennett.aero/coupe/press-release.html|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://gordonbennett.aero/news/team-sui-01-crosses-the-sea-to-win-landing-in-mainland-greece|title=Touchdown! Team SUI-01 crosses the sea to Greece to win|work=gordonbennett.aero|accessdate=21 September 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924131232/http://gordonbennett.aero/news/team-sui-01-crosses-the-sea-to-win-landing-in-mainland-greece|archivedate=24 September 2016|df=}}
40. ^1 2 {{Cite web | url = http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/history/results | title = Gordon Bennett Historical Results | accessdate = September 28, 2010 | publisher = Fédération Aéronautique Internationale | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101003042103/http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/history/results | archivedate = October 3, 2010 | df = }}

Further reading

  • {{Cite web| url=http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/system/files/CIA-GB-Winning-Pilots.xls| title=Winning pilots and co-pilots (alphabetic list)| format=xls| accessdate=September 27, 2010| publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008041306/http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/system/files/CIA-GB-Winning-Pilots.xls| archivedate=October 8, 2010| df=}}
  • Castellani, Antonio; I cavalieri del cielo. Storia della Gordon Bennett Balloon Cup, Firenze, LoGisma, 2013 {{ISBN|88-97530-12-5}}.

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20101009101601/http://www.coupegordonbennett.org/ Gordon Bennett Cup official website]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20101002183128/http://www.gordonbennett2010.com/ Gordon Bennett Cup 2010 balloon race official website]
  • Gordon Bennett 2012
  • Gordon Bennett 2013
  • Gordon Bennett 2014
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907132519/http://www.gordonbennett.aero/index.html Gordon Bennett 2015]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20131020013158/http://www.fai.org/gordon-bennett FAI]
{{featured list}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Gordon Bennett Cup In Ballooning}}

5 : Air racing|Hot air balloon festivals|Recurring sporting events established in 1906|Bennett family|Newspaper events
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