“Grand Central Terminal”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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| name = Grand Central Terminal
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| architect = Reed and Stem;
Warren and Wetmore
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August 11, 1983 (increase)^[4]
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83001726 (increase)
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| designated_other2_color = #FFE978
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| designated_other3_date = September 23, 1980 (interior)^[6]
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Grand Central Terminal (GCT; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central) is a commuter rail terminal located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Grand Central is the southern terminus of the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem, Hudson and New Haven Lines, serving the northern parts of the New York metropolitan area. It also contains a connection to the New York City Subway at Grand Central–42nd Street. The terminal is the third-busiest train station in North America, after Toronto Union Station and New York Penn Station.

The distinctive architecture and interior design of Grand Central Terminal's station house have earned it several landmark designations, including as a National Historic Landmark. Its Beaux-Arts design incorporates numerous works of art. Grand Central Terminal is one of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions,^[7] with 21.9 million visitors in 2013, excluding train and subway passengers.^[8] The terminal's main concourse is often used as a meeting place, and is especially featured in films and television. Grand Central Terminal contains a variety of stores and food vendors, including a food court on its lower-level concourse.

Grand Central Terminal was built by and named for the New York Central Railroad; it also served the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and, later, successors to the New York Central. Opened in 1913, the terminal was built on the site of two similarly named predecessor stations, the first of which dates to 1871. Grand Central Terminal served intercity trains until 1991, when Amtrak began routing its trains through nearby Penn Station. The East Side Access project, which will bring Long Island Rail Road service to a new station beneath the terminal, is expected to be completed in late 2022.

Grand Central covers {{convert|48|acre|0}} and has 44 platforms, more than any other railroad station in the world. Its platforms, all below ground, serve 30 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower. Currently, 43 tracks are in use for passenger service; two dozen more serve as a rail yard and sidings. Another eight tracks and four platforms are being built on two new levels deep underneath the existing station as part of East Side Access.

Unlike most stations in the Metro-North system, Grand Central Terminal is owned by Midtown Trackage Ventures, a private company, rather than by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), which operates Metro-North and most of its stations, including Grand Central.

Name

Grand Central Terminal was named by and for the New York Central Railroad, which built the station and its two precursors on the site. It has "always been more colloquially and affectionately known as Grand Central Station", the name of its immediate precursor^[9]^[10]{{refn|A railroad "terminal" such as Grand Central Terminal, the former Reading Terminal in Philadelphia, and the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal is a facility at the end of a rail line, which trains enter and depart in the same direction. A railroad station, such as Pennsylvania Station on the West Side, 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, and Union Station in Washington, D.C., is a facility along one or more contiguous rail lines, which trains can enter and depart in different directions.^[1]|group=N}} that operated from 1900^[12] until 1910^[13] and which also shares its name with the nearby U.S. Post Office station at 450 Lexington Avenue^[14] and, colloquially, with the Grand Central–42nd Street subway station next to the terminal.^[15]

Services

Commuter rail

Grand Central Terminal serves some 67 million passengers a year, more than any other Metro-North station.^[2]^[2] At morning rush hour, a train arrives at the terminal every 58 seconds.^[3]

Through these lines, the terminal serves Metro-North commuters traveling to and from the Bronx in New York City; Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties in New York; and Fairfield and New Haven counties in Connecticut.^[4]

Connecting services

The New York City Subway's adjacent Grand Central–42nd Street station serves these routes:^[15]

Former services

The terminal and its predecessors were designed for intercity service, which operated from the first station building's completion in 1871 until Amtrak ceased operations in the terminal in 1991. Through transfers, passengers could connect to all major lines in the United States, including the Canadian, the Empire Builder, the San Francisco Zephyr, the Southwest Limited, the Crescent, and the Sunset Limited under Amtrak. Destinations included San Francisco, Los Angeles, Vancouver, New Orleans, Chicago, and Montreal.^[6] Another notable former train was New York Central's 20th Century Limited, a luxury service that operated to Chicago's LaSalle Street Station between 1902 and 1967 and was among the most famous trains of its time.^[7]^[8]

Planned services

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority plans to bring Long Island Rail Road commuter trains to a new station beneath Grand Central as part of its East Side Access project.^[9] The project will connect the terminal to the railroad's Main Line,^[10] which connects to all of the LIRR's branches and almost all of its stations.^[11] {{As of|2018}}, service is expected to begin in late 2022.^[30]^[31]

Interior

Grand Central Terminal was designed and built with two main levels for passengers: an upper for intercity trains and a lower for commuter trains. This scheme, devised by New York Central vice president William J. Wilgus, separated intercity and commuter-rail passengers, smoothing the flow of people in and through the station. After intercity service ended in 1991,^[32] the upper level was renamed the Main Concourse and the lower the Dining Concourse.^[32]^[34]

The original plan for Grand Central's interior was designed by Reed and Stem, with some work by Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore.^[35]^[36]

Grand Central Terminal's {{convert|48|acre|ha|adj=on}} basements are among the largest in the city.^[37]

Main Concourse

The Main Concourse, originally known as the Express Concourse, is located on the upper platform level of Grand Central, in the geographical center of the station building. Usually filled with bustling crowds and often used as a meeting place,^[38] the cavernous concourse measures {{convert|275|ft|m|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|120|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide (about 35,000 square feet total^[39]) by {{convert|125|ft|m|abbr=on}} high.^[40]^[41]^[42]{{rp|74}} Its vastness was meant to evoke the terminal's "grand" status.^[35]

The Main Concourse contains an elliptical barrel-vaulted ceiling. Original plans called for the ceiling to contain a skylight, but this was not practical.^[44] Instead, the ceiling contains an elaborately decorated mural of constellations.^[45]^[46]^[47] The celestial mural was conceived in 1912 by architect Warren and painter Paul César Helleu, and executed by Brooklyn's Hewlett-Basing Studio.^[48]^[12] The ceiling contains several astronomical inaccuracies: the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913,^[50] they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.^[51]^[46] Suspended from other portions of the ceiling are ten globe-shaped chandeliers in the Beaux-Arts style, each of which weighs {{Convert|800|lb|kg|abbr=}}^[53] and contains 110 bulbs.^[54]

The concourse is lit by these chandeliers and by large windows in its east and west walls.^[55] Each wall has three round-arched windows, about {{convert|60|ft|m}} high,^[46] identical in size and shape to the three on the terminal's south facade.^[6] Catwalks, used mostly for maintenance, run across the east and west windows.^[58]^[59] Their floors are made of semi-transparent rock crystal, cut two inches thick.^[13]

The ticket booths are located in the Main Concourse, although many have been closed or repurposed since the introduction of ticket vending machines. The concourse's large American flag was installed there a few days after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.^[38]^[1]

The upper-level tracks are reached from the Main Concourse or from various hallways and passages branching off from it.^[63]

The Main Concourse is surrounded on most of its sides by balconies. The east side is occupied by an Apple Store, while the west side is occupied by the Italian restaurant Cipriani Dolci (part of Cipriani S.A.), the Campbell Palm Court, and the Campbell Bar, a former financier's office-turned-bar.^[63] The balconies may be reached by the concourse's West Stairs, original to the station, or the matching East Stairs, added during a 1990s renovation.^[46]^[66] Underneath the east and west balconies are entrances to Grand Central's passageways, with shops and ticket machines along the walls. This area also features two intricately carved marble water fountains. The fountains, original to the terminal, still operate and are cleaned daily, though they are rarely used.^[14]

Information booth and clock

The 18-sided main information booth — originally the "information bureau" — is in the center of the concourse. Its attendants provide train schedules and other information to the public;^[68] in 2015, they fielded more than 1,000 questions an hour, according to an MTA spokesman.^[69] A door within the marble and brass pagoda conceals a spiral staircase down to a similar booth on the station's Dining Concourse.^[70]^[71]^[69]

The booth is topped by a four-faced brass clock that may be Grand Central's most recognizable icon.^[55] The clock was designed by Henry Edward Bedford, cast in Waterbury, Connecticut,^[38] and designed by the Self Winding Clock Company and built by the Seth Thomas Clock Company, along with several other clocks in the terminal.^[15]^[1] Each {{convert|24|in|cm|abbr=|adj=on}} face^[70] is made from opalescent glass, now often called opal glass or milk glass. (Urban legend says the faces are actually opal, valued by Sotheby's or Christie's between $10 million and $20 million.^[59]) The clock was first stopped for repairs in 1954, after it was found to be losing a minute or two per day.^[79]

Along with the rest of the New York Central Railroad system's clocks, it was formerly set to a clock in the train dispatcher's office at Grand Central.^[80] Through the 1980s, they were set to a master clock at a workshop in Grand Central.^[81] Since 2004, they have been set to the United States Naval Observatory's atomic clock, accurate to a billionth of a second.^[82]^[69]

Departure and gate boards

The terminal's primary departure board is located on the south side of the concourse, installed directly atop the ticket windows. The board, colloquially known as the "Big Board", shows the track and status of arriving and departing trains.

Beginning in 1913, train arrival and departure information was hand-chalked on a blackboard in the Biltmore Room. In 1967, the blackboard was supplanted by an electromechanical display in the main concourse over the ticket windows.^[84]^[85] Dubbed a Solari board after its Italian manufacturer {{ill|Solari di Udine|it}}, it displayed train information on rows of flip panels that made a distinctive flapping sound as they rotated to reflect changes.^[86]^[87] That sign was replaced in 1985 with the Omega Board, named after its manufacturer, watchmaker Omega SA (though designed and installed by Advanced Computer Systems of Dayton, Ohio).^[16] In July 1996, during the terminal's renovation, the board was again replaced, this time with a liquid-crystal display, installed several months later.^[85] In December 2017, the MTA awarded contracts to again replace the display,^[90] expected to be completed in 2020.^[17]

There are also signs at each of the platform gates. Originally these were cloth curtains with train information stitched onto them, posted at the platform entrances.^[16] The signs were eventually replaced with flip panels, replaced again with the installation of the Omega Board in 1987,^[16] and supplanted again by LCD panels. The displays will be again replaced by 2020.^[90]

Uses

The size of the Main Concourse has made it an ideal advertising space.^[18] During World War II, a large mural with images of the United States military hung in the concourse,^[18] and from the 1950s to 1989, the Kodak Colorama exhibit was a prominent fixture.^[19]^[20]^[21] A {{convert|13.5|ft|m|adj=mid|-diameter}} Westclox "Big Ben" clock was sponsored by at least six companies^[22] from the 1960s to the 1990s.^[101] These advertisements and fixtures were removed around the time of the terminal's renovation in the 1990s; today, only four advertisement screens remain on the concourse, each about 7 x 6 feet.^[23]

The Main Concourse has also been used as a gathering venue. In the 1960s, the terminal's tenant CBS installed a CBS News television screen above the ticket offices to follow the spaceflights of Project Mercury;^[41] thousands would gather in the Main Concourse to watch key events of the flights.^[24]^[25]^[26] Politicians such as U.S. presidents Calvin Coolidge and Harry S. Truman; presidential candidates Thomas Dewey and Robert F. Kennedy; and governor Herbert Lehman have also held events within the concourse.^[27] The Main Concourse has also been used for memorials, including events to commemorate U.S. ambassador to France Myron T. Herrick and former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis after their deaths; celebrations for Martin Luther King Jr. Day; and an impromptu memorial created after the September 11 attacks in 2001.^[28] Several celebrations have also taken place at the terminal, such as a celebration for the New York Giants after they won the NFL championship in 1933;^[29] an event for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1941;^[29]^[30] and several large parties and New Year's celebrations.^[29]^[31]

Various special exhibits and events have also been held at the Main Concourse throughout the years.^[32]

Passageways

In their design for the station's interior, Reed & Stem created a circulation system that allowed passengers alighting from trains to enter the Main Concourse, then leave through various passages that branch from it.^[46] Among these are the north-south 42nd Street Passage and Shuttle Passage, which run south to 42nd Street; and three east-west passageways — the Grand Central Market, the Graybar Passage, and the Lexington Passage — that run about 240 feet east to Lexington Avenue by 43rd Street.^[63]^[117] Several passages run north of the terminal, including the north-south 45th Street Passage, which leads to 45th Street and Madison Avenue,^[33] and the network of tunnels in Grand Central North, which lead to exits at every street from 45th to 48th Street.^[63]

Each of the east-west passageways runs through a different building. The northernmost is the Graybar Passage,^[63] built on the first floor of the Graybar Building in 1926.^[121] Its walls and seven large transverse arches are of coursed ashlar travertine, and the floor is terrazzo. The ceiling is composed of seven groin vaults, each of which has an ornamental bronze chandelier. The first two vaults, as viewed from leaving Grand Central, are painted with cumulus clouds, while the third contains a 1927 mural by Edward Trumbull depicting American transportation.^[122]^[123]

The middle passageway houses Grand Central Market, a cluster of food purveyor shops.^[63]^[125] The site was originally a segment of 43rd Street which became the terminal's first service dock in 1913.^[34] In the mid-1970s, a savings bank was built in the space,^[35] which was converted into the marketplace in 1998, and involved installing a new limestone facade on the building.^[128] The building's second story, whose balcony overlooks the market and 43rd Street, was to house a restaurant; it is currently used for storage.^[117]^[130]

The southernmost of the three, the Lexington Passage, was originally known as the Commodore Passage after the hotel it ran through.^[117] When the hotel was renamed the Grand Hyatt, the passage was likewise renamed. The passage acquired its current name during the terminal's renovation in the 1990s.^[128]

Grand Central North

Grand Central North is a network of four tunnels that allow people to walk between the station building (located between 42nd and 44th Street) and exits at every street from 45th to 48th Street.^[133] The {{convert|1000|ft|adj=on}} Northwest Passage and {{convert|1200|ft|adj=on}} Northeast Passage run parallel to the tracks on the upper level, while two shorter cross-passages run perpendicular to the tracks.^[134]^[135] The 47th Street cross-passage runs between the upper and lower tracks, {{convert|30|ft|m}} below street level; it provides access to upper-level tracks. The 45th Street cross-passage runs under the lower tracks, {{convert|50|ft|m}} below street level. Converted from a corridor built to transport luggage and mail,^[135] it provides access to lower-level tracks.

The tunnels' street-level entrances, each enclosed by a freestanding glass structure,^[135] sit at the northeast corner of East 47th Street and Madison Avenue (Northwest Passage), northeast corner of East 48th Street and Park Avenue (Northeast Passage), on the east and west sides of 230 Park Avenue (Helmsley Building) between 45th and 46th Streets, and (since 2012) on the south side of 47th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues.^[138] Pedestrians can also take an elevator to the 47th Street passage from the north side of East 47th Street, between Madison and Vanderbilt Avenues.^[139]

Proposals for these tunnels had been discussed since at least the 1970s. The MTA approved preliminary plans in 1983,^[140] gave final approval in 1991,^[141] and began construction in 1994.^[134] Dubbed the North End Access Project, the work was to be completed in 1997 at a cost of $64.5 million,^[141] but it was slowed by the incomplete nature of the building's original blueprints and by previously undiscovered groundwater beneath East 45th Street.^[134] The passageways opened on August 18, 1999, at a final cost of $75 million.^[134]

The passages contain an MTA Arts & Design mosaic installation by Ellen Driscoll, an artist from Brooklyn.^[134]

The entrances to Grand Central North were originally open from 6:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday. About 6,000 people used the passages on a typical weekend,^[147] and about 30,000 on weekdays. Since summer 2006, Grand Central North has been closed on weekends; MTA officials cited low usage and the need to save money.^[148]

Other spaces on the main floor

Vanderbilt Hall

It was formerly the main waiting room for the terminal, used particularly by intercity travelers. The space featured double-sided oak benches and could seat 700 people.^[36] When intercity service ceased at Grand Central in 1991, the room began to be used by several hundred homeless people. Terminal management responded first by removing the room's benches, then by closing the space entirely.{{refn|Several of the hall's benches were moved to a smaller waiting room in the Station Master's Office. In 2018, two of the benches were sent on a long-term loan to Springfield, Massachusetts's Union Station.^[152]|group=N}} In 1998, the hall was renovated and renamed Vanderbilt Hall after the family that built and owned the station.^[117] It is now used for the annual Christmas Market,^[37] as well as for special exhibitions and private events.^[38]

Since 1999, Vanderbilt Hall has hosted the annual Tournament of Champions squash championship.^[39] The event involves installation of a 21 x 32-foot free-standing theatre in the round, made of glass, with spectators sitting on three sides around it.^[40]

In 2016, the west half of the hall became the Great Northern Food Hall, an upscale Nordic-themed food court with five pavilions. The food hall is the first long-term tenant of the space; the terminal's landmark status prevents permanent installations.^[158]

A men's smoking room and women's waiting room were formerly located on the west and east sides of Vanderbilt Hall, respectively.^[158] In 2016, the men's room was renovated into Agern, an 85-seat Nordic-themed 85-seat fine dining and Michelin-starred restaurant operated by Noma co-founder Claus Meyer,^[160] who also runs the food hall.^[158]

Biltmore Room

The Biltmore Room is a {{convert|64|by|80|ft|m|adj=on}} marble hall^[162] northwest of the Main Concourse that serves as an entrance to tracks 39 through 42.^[63] Completed in 1915^[164] directly beneath the New York Biltmore Hotel,^[162] it originally served as a waiting room for intercity trains known formally as the incoming train room and colloquially as the "Kissing Room".

As the station's passenger traffic declined in mid-century, the room fell into neglect. In 1982 and 1983, the room was damaged during the construction that converted the Biltmore Hotel into the Bank of America Plaza. In 1985, Giorgio Cavaglieri was hired to restore the room, which at the time had cracked marble, makeshift lighting, and series of lockers.^[166] Later, the room held a newsstand, flower stand, and shoe shine booths.^[164]^[168] In 2015, the MTA awarded a contract to refurbish the Biltmore Room into an arrival area for Long Island Rail Road passengers as part of the East Side Access project.^[169] As part of the project, the room's booths and stands are to be replaced by a pair of escalators and an elevator to the deep-level LIRR concourse.^[164]^[168]

The room's blackboard displayed the arrival and departure times of New York Central trains until 1967,^[84] when a mechanical board was installed in the Main Concourse.^[162]

Station Master's Office

The Station Master's Office, located near Track 36, has Grand Central's only dedicated waiting room. The space has benches, restrooms, and a floral mixed-media mural on three of its walls. The room's benches were previously located in the former waiting room, now known as Vanderbilt Hall. Since 2008, the area has offered free Wi-Fi.^[174]

Former theatre

One of the retail areas of the Graybar Passage, currently occupied by alcohol vendor Central Cellars, was the Grand Central Theatre or Terminal Newsreel Theatre.^[175]^[176] Opened in 1937, the theater showed short films, cartoons, and news reels^[177] continuously from 9 a.m. to 11 p.m. for 25-cent tickets.^[41]^[42] Designed by Tony Sarg, it had 242 stadium-style seats and a standing-room section with armchairs. A small bar sat near the entrance.^[180] The theater's interior had simple pine walls spaced out to eliminate echos, along with an inglenook, a fireplace, and an illuminated clock for the convenience of travelers. The walls of the lobby, dubbed the "appointment lounge", were covered with world maps; the ceiling had an astronomical mural painted by Sarg.^[175] The New York Times reported a cost of $125,000 for the theater's construction, which was attributed to construction of an elevator between the theater and the suburban concourse as well as air conditioning and apparatuses for people hard of hearing.^[182]

The theater stopped showing news reels by 1968^[43] but continued operating until around 1979, when it was gutted for retail space,^[41] A renovation in the early 2000s removed a false ceiling, revealing the theater's projection window and its astronomical mural, which proved similar in colors and style to the Main Concourse ceiling.^[177]

Dining Concourse

Access to the lower-level tracks is provided by the Dining Concourse, below the Main Concourse and connected to it by numerous stairs, ramps, and escalators. For decades, it was called the Suburban Concourse because it handled commuter rail trains.^[34] Today, it has central seating and lounge areas, surrounded by restaurants and food vendors.^[63]

The concourses are connected by two ramps, which comprise a {{convert|302|ft|m|abbr=|adj=on}} west-east axis under an {{convert|84|ft|m||adj=mid|abbr=}} ceiling.^[188] They intersect a slight slope from the Dining Concourse just outside the Oyster Bar,^[63] under an archway covered with Guastavino tiling.^[190] The arch creates a whispering gallery: someone standing in one corner can hear someone speaking softly in the opposite corner.^[41]^[59] An overpass between the main concourse and the Vanderbilt Hall passes over the archway; from 1927 until 1998, the sides of the bridge were enclosed by walls about {{Convert|8|feet|m|abbr=}} high.^[188]

As part of the terminal's late-1990s renovation, stands and restaurants were installed in the concourse, and escalators added to link to the main concourse level.^[117] Additionally, the MTA spent $2.2 million to construct two 45-foot-wide circular designs in the concourse's floor. The designs were by David Rockwell and Beyer Blinder Belle, made of terrazzo, and installed over the concourse's original terrazzo floor.^[44] Since 2015, part of the Dining Concourse has been closed for the construction of structural framework to support stairways and escalators to the new LIRR terminal being built as part of East Side Access.^[196]

A small square-framed clock is installed in the ceiling near Tracks 108 and 109. It was manufactured at an unknown time by the Self Winding Clock Company, which made several others in the terminal. The clock hung inside the gate at Track 19 until 2011, when it was moved so it would not be blocked by lights added during upper-level platform improvements.^[15]

Lost-and-found bureau

Metro-North's lost-and-found bureau sits near Track 100 at the far east end of the Dining Concourse. Incoming items are sorted according to function and date: for instance, there are separate bins for hats, gloves, belts, and ties.^[198]^[199] The sorting system was computerized in the 1990s.^[200] Lost items are kept for up to 90 days before being donated or auctioned off.^[59]^[202]

As early as 1920, the bureau received between 15,000 and 18,000 items a year.^[203] By 2002, the bureau was collecting "3,000 coats and jackets; 2,500 cellphones; 2,000 sets of keys; 1,500 wallets, purses and ID's {{sic|expected=IDs}}; and 1,100 umbrellas" a year.^[200] By 2007, it was collecting 20,000 items a year, 60% of which were eventually claimed.^[202] In 2013, the bureau reported an 80% return rate, among the highest in the world for a transit agency.^[59]^[69]

Some of the more unusual items collected by the bureau include fake teeth, prosthetic body parts, legal documents, diamond pouches, live animals, and a $100,000 violin.^[199]^[202] One story has it that a woman purposely left her unfaithful husband's ashes on a Metro-North train before collecting it three weeks later.^[59]^[202] In 1996, some of the lost-and-found items were displayed at an art exhibition.^[212]

Other food service and retail spaces

Grand Central Terminal contains restaurants such as the Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant and various fast food outlets surrounding the Dining Concourse. There are also delis, bakeries, a gourmet and fresh food market, and an annex of the New York Transit Museum.^[213]^[214] The 40-plus retail stores include newsstands and chain stores, including a Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy, and an Apple Store.^[63]^[216]

The Oyster Bar, the oldest business in the terminal, sits next to the Dining Concourse and below Vanderbilt Hall.^[63]^[158]

An elegantly restored cocktail lounge, the Campbell, sits just south of the 43rd Street/Vanderbilt Avenue entrance. A mix of commuters and tourists access it from the street or the balcony level.^[63] The space was once the office of 1920s tycoon John W. Campbell, who decorated it to resemble the galleried hall of a 13th-century Florentine palace.^[220]^[221] In 1999, it opened as a bar, the Campbell Apartment; a new owner renovated and renamed it the Campbell in 2017.^[222]

Vanderbilt Tennis Club and former studios

From 1939 to 1964, CBS Television occupied a large portion of the terminal building, particularly above Vanderbilt Hall.^[223]^[224] The space contained two "program control" facilities (43 and 44); network master control; facilities for local station WCBS-TV;^[223]^[224]^[227] and, after World War II, two {{convert|700,000|ft2|m2|adj=on}} production studios (41 and 42).^[228] Broadcasts were transmitted from an antenna atop the nearby Chrysler Building installed by order of CBS chief executive William S. Paley,^[228]^[227] and were also shown on a large screen in the Main Concourse.^[228] In 1958, CBS opened the world's first major videotape operations facility in Grand Central. Located in a former rehearsal room on the seventh floor, the facility used 14 Ampex VR-1000 videotape recorders.^[223]^[224]

In 1966, the vacated studio space was converted to Vanderbilt Tennis Club, a sports club named for the hall just below.^[223]^[224]^[239]^[240] Its two tennis courts were once deemed the most expensive place to play the game — $58 an hour — until financial recessions forced the club to lower the hourly fee to $40.^[241] In 1984, the club was purchased by real estate magnate Donald Trump, who discovered it while renovating the terminal's exterior^[242] and operated it until 2009.^[223]

The space is currently occupied by a conductor lounge and a smaller sports facility with a single tennis court.^[224]^[240]

Basement spaces

Power and heating plant

Grand Central Terminal and its predecessors contained their own power plants. The first such plant, built for Grand Central Depot in the 1870s, stood in the surface-level railroad yards at Madison Avenue and 46th Street. The second was built in 1900 under the west side of Grand Central Station near 43rd Street.^[246]

When the terminal was created, a new power and heating plant was built on the east side of Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets.^[247]^[248] The two-smokestack structure could supply a daily average of {{Convert|5000000|lb|kg}} of heating steam.^[246]^[250] The plant also provided power to the tracks and the station, supplementing other New York Central power plants in Yonkers (today's Glenwood Power Station) and Port Morris in the Bronx (now demolished).^[246] While the Port Morris and Yonkers plants provided 11,000-volt alternating current for arriving and departing locomotives, the Grand Central plant converted the alternating current to 800 volts of direct current for use by the terminal's own third-rail-powered locomotives.^[246]^[253] In addition, the Grand Central power plant provided power to nearby buildings.^[248]^[246]

By the late 1920s, most power and heating services were contracted out to Consolidated Edison,^[256] and so the power plant was torn down in 1929.^[257] (Its only remaining vestige is the storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria New York hotel built in 1931.^[248]) A new substation —the world's largest at the time — was built {{Convert|100|ft|m}} under the Graybar Building at a cost of $3 million.^[246]^[260] Occupying a four-story space with a footprint of {{Convert|250|by|50|ft|m}},^[246]^[256] it is divided into substation 1T, which provides {{Convert|16,500|kW|}} for third-rail power, and substation 1L, which provides {{Convert|8000|kW|}} for other lighting and power.^[246]

A sub-basement, dubbed M42, contains the AC-to-DC converters that supply DC traction current to the tracks.^[59] Though sources vary on its exact depth, it is thought to be located {{convert|105|to|109|ft|m}} below ground,^[45] or either 10 or 13 stories deep.^[46] The M42 basement was installed in the former boiler void excavated in the bedrock beneath the present-day Grand Central Market and the entrance to the Graybar Building, three levels below the lower Metro-North level.^[47] Two of the original rotary converters remain as a historical record. During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard.^[37]^[269]^[270] It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight; the rotary converters could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand.^[271] The Abwehr, a German espionage service, sent two spies to sabotage it; they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike.^[37] M42 also included a system to monitor trains in and around the terminal, which was used from 1913 until 1922, when it was supplemented by telegraphs.^[59]

Carey's Hole

Another part of the basement is known as Carey's Hole. The two-story section is directly beneath the Shuttle Passage and adjacent spaces. In 1913, when the terminal opened, J. P. Carey opened a barbershop adjacent to and one level below the terminal's waiting room (now Vanderbilt Hall). Carey's business expanded to include a laundry service, shoe store, and haberdashery. In 1921, Carey also ran a limousine service using Packard cars, and in the 1930s, he added regular car and bus service to the city's airports as they opened. Carey would store his merchandise in an unfinished, underground area of the terminal, which railroad employees and maintenance staff began calling "Carey's Hole". The name has remained even as the space has been used for different purposes, including currently as a lounge and dormitory for railroad employees.^[48]

Platforms and tracks

The terminal holds the Guinness World Record for having the most platforms of any railroad station:^[275] 28, which support 44 platform numbers. All are island platforms except one side platform.^[276] Odd-numbered tracks are usually on the east side of the platform; even-numbered tracks on the west side. {{As of|2016}}, there are 67 tracks, of which 43 are in regular passenger use, serving Metro-North.^[277]^[278] At its opening, the train shed contained 123 tracks, including duplicate track numbers and storage tracks,^[278] with a combined length of {{Convert|19.5|mi|km|abbr=}}.^[280]

The tracks slope down as they exit the station to the north, to help departing trains accelerate and arriving ones slow down.^[281] Because of the size of the rail yards, Park Avenue and its side streets from 43rd Street to 59th Street are raised on viaducts, and the surrounding blocks were covered over by various buildings.^[282]

At its busiest, the terminal is served by an arriving train every 58 seconds.^[69]

Track distribution

The upper Metro-North level has 42 numbered tracks. Twenty-nine serve passenger platforms; these are numbered 11 to 42, east to west^[280]^[285] (Tracks 12, 22, and 31 do not currently exist, and appear to have been removed^[285]). To their east sits the East Yard: ten storage tracks numbered 1 through 10 from east to west.^[285]^[278] A balloon loop runs from Tracks 38–42 on the far west side of the station, around the other tracks, and back to storage Tracks 1–3 at the far east side of the station;^[285] this allows trains to turn around more easily.^[290]^[291]

North of the East Yard is the Lex Yard, a secondary storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria Hotel^[285] that formerly served the power plant for Grand Central Terminal.^[248] Its twelve tracks are numbered 51 through 65 from east to west (track numbers 57, 58, and 62 do not currently exist). Platforms sit between tracks 53 and 54 and between tracks 61 and 63.^[285] Track 61 is known for being a private track for United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt; part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria,^[271]^[296] it was mentioned in The New York Times in 1929 and first used in 1938 by John J. Pershing, a top U.S. general during World War I.^[297] Roosevelt would travel into the city using his personal train, pull into Track 61, and take a specially designed elevator to the surface.^[298] It has been used occasionally since Roosevelt's death.^[299]^[300] The upper level also contains 22 more storage sidings.^[280]^[285]

The lower Metro-North level has 27 tracks numbered 100 to 126, east to west.^[285]^[278]^[305] Two were originally intended for mail trains and two were for baggage handling.^[32]^[34] Today, only Tracks 102–112 and 114–115 are used for passenger service. The lower-level balloon loop, whose curve was much sharper than that of the upper-level loop and could only handle electric multiple units used on commuter lines^[308] was removed at an unknown date.^[278] Tracks 116–125 were demolished to make room for the Long Island Rail Road concourse being built under the Metro-North station as part of the East Side Access project.^[310]

The upper and lower levels have different track layouts, so the upper level is supported by ultra-strong columns, some of which can carry over {{Convert|7,000,000|ftlbf|J}}.^[311]

The LIRR terminal being built as part of East Side Access will add four platforms and eight tracks numbered 201–204 and 301–304 in two {{Convert|100|ft|m|-deep|adj=mid}} double-decked caverns below the Metro-North station.^[312] The new LIRR station will have four tracks and two platforms in each of two caverns, and each cavern would contain two tracks and one platform on each level. A mezzanine will sit on a center level between the LIRR's two track levels.^[313]^[314]

Control center

Grand Central Terminal was built with five signal control centers, labeled A, B, C, F, and U, that collectively controlled all of the track interlockings around the terminal. Each switch was electrically controlled by a lever in one of the signal towers, where lights illuminated on track maps to show which switches were in use.^[315]^[308] As trains passed a given tower, the signal controllers reported the train's engine and timetable numbers, direction, track number, and the exact time.^[317]

Tower U controlled the interlocking between 48th and 58th Streets; Tower C, the storage spurs; and Tower F, the turning loops. A four-story underground tower at 49th Street housed the largest of the signal towers: Tower A, which handled the upper-level interlockings via 400 levers, and Tower B, which handled the lower-level interlockings with 362 levers.^[318]^[319]^[320]^[308]^[315]^[323] The towers housed offices for the stationmaster, yardmaster, car-maintenance crew, electrical crew, and track-maintenance crew. There were also break rooms for conductors, train engineers, and engine men.^[320]^[315]

After Tower B was destroyed in a fire in 1986,^[326] the signal towers were consolidated into a single Operations Control Center, where controllers could monitor the switches by computer. Completed in 1993,^[327] the center is operated by a crew of two dozen.^[328]

Hospital

During the terminal's construction, an "accident room" was set up to treat worker injuries in a wrecking car in the terminal's rail yard. Later on, a small hospital was established in the temporary station building on Lexington Avenue to care for injured workers. The arrangement was satisfactory, leading to the creation of a permanent hospital, the Grand Central Emergency Hospital, in Grand Central Terminal in 1911. The hospital was used for every employee injury as well as for passengers. In 1915, it had two physicians who treated a monthly average of 125 new cases per month and 450 dressings.^[49] The space had four rooms: Room A (the waiting room), Room B (the operating room), Room C (a private office), and Room D (for resting patients).^[50] The hospital was open at least until 1963; a Journal News article that year noted that the hospital treated minor to moderate ailments and was open every day between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.^[51]

Architecture

Grand Central Terminal was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Reed and Stem, which was responsible for the overall design of the terminal,^[46] and Warren and Wetmore, which mainly made cosmetic alterations to the exterior and interior.^[333]^[334]^[335] Grand Central has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its facade.^[336] In 2013, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century.^[337] The facade is based on an overall exterior design by Whitney Warren.^[338] Various elements inside the terminal were designed by French architects and artists Jules-Félix Coutan, Sylvain Salières, and Paul César Helleu.^[335]

As proposed in 1904, Grand Central Terminal was bounded by Vanderbilt Avenue to the west, Lexington Avenue to the east, 42nd Street to the south, and 45th Street to the north. It included a post office on its east side.^[34] The east side of the station house proper is an alley called Depew Place, which was built along with the Grand Central Depot annex in the 1880s and mostly decommissioned in the 1900s when the new terminal was built.^[341]^[342] Originally slated to measure {{convert|680|ft|m}} along Vanderbilt Avenue by {{convert|300|ft|m}} on 42nd Street, the station house actually measures {{Convert|800|ft|m}} long, {{Convert|300|ft|m}} wide, and {{Convert|105|ft|m}} high.^[343]^[34]

The station and its rail yard have steel frames. The building also uses large columns designed to hold the weight of a 20-story office building, which was to be built when additional room was required.^[345]^[346]

The facade and structure of the terminal building primarily use granite. Because granite emits radiation,^[347] people who work full-time in the station receive an average dose of 525 mrem/year, more than permitted in nuclear power facilities.^[348]^[349] The base of the exterior is Stony Creek granite, while the upper portion is of Indiana limestone, from Bedford, Indiana.^[345]

The interiors use several varieties of stone, including imitation Caen stone for the Main Concourse; cream-colored Botticino marble for the interior decorations; and pink Tennessee marble for the floors of the Main Concourse, Biltmore Room,^[122] and Vanderbilt Hall,^[158] as well as the two staircases in the Main Concourse.^[66]^[46]^[55] Real Caen stone was judged too expensive, so the builders mixed plaster, sand, lime, and Portland cement.^[55] Most of the remaining masonry is made from concrete.^[345] Guastavino tiling, a fireproof tile-and-cement vault pattern patented by Rafael Guastavino, is used in various spaces.^[36]^[190]

Facade

In designing the facade of Grand Central, the architects wanted to make the building seem like a gateway to the city.^[345] The south facade, facing 42nd Street, is the front side of the terminal building, and contains large arched windows.^[361] The central window resembles a triumphal arch.^[345]^[363] There are two pairs of columns on either side of the central window. The columns are of the Corinthian order, and are partially attached to the granite walls behind them, though they are detached from one another.^[361] The facade was also designed to complement that of the New York Public Library Main Branch, another Beaux-Arts edifice located on nearby Fifth Avenue.^[363]

The facade includes several large works of art. At the top of the south facade is a {{convert|13|ft|m|-wide|adj=mid}} clock, which contains the world's largest example of Tiffany glass.^[366] The clock is surrounded by the Glory of Commerce sculptural group, a {{convert|48|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} sculpture by Jules-Félix Coutan, which includes representations of Minerva, Hercules, and Mercury.^[338]^[368] At its unveiling in 1914, the work was considered the largest sculptural group in the world.^[368]^[370]^[371] Below these works, facing the Park Avenue Viaduct, is an 1869 statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt, longtime owner of New York Central. Sculpted by Ernst Plassmann,^[372] the {{convert|8.5|ft||abbr=|adj=on}} bronze is the last remnant^[52] of a 150-foot bronze relief installed at the Hudson River Railroad depot at St. John's Park;^[374] it was moved to Grand Central Terminal in 1929.^[375]

Main Concourse ceiling

The Main Concourse's ceiling is an elliptical barrel vault, with its base at an elevation of 121.5 feet and its crown at 160.25 feet. A skylight was originally supposed to be installed to provide light into the terminal, and accommodations were made for a large ceiling light, in case an office building were to be constructed over the terminal.^[45]

The ceiling is elaborately decorated with a celestial mural,^[47] conceived in 1912 by Warren and Helleu, and executed by Hewlett-Basing Studio.^[48] The ceiling contains several astronomical inaccuracies: the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913,^[50] they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.^[51]^[46]

By the 1940s, the ceiling had grown moldy, so in 1944, New York Central covered the mural with boards and painted an imitation mural over these boards.^[51]^[383]^[46] By the 1980s, the ceiling was obscured by decades of what was thought to be coal and diesel smoke. Spectroscopic examination revealed that it was mostly tar and nicotine from tobacco smoke.^[51] Starting in September 1996, the ceiling was cleaned and restored to its original design.^[383]^[387]

There are half-moon clerestory windows on the north and south sides, with carvings by Salières, alternately depicting a globe adorned with Mercury's staff and a winged wheel that symbolizes the speed of the railway, adorned with lightning bolts to symbolize the line's recent electrification. Both designs include laurel and oak branches.^[53]

Iconography

Many parts of the terminal are adorned with sculpted oak leaves and acorns, nuts of the oak tree. Cornelius Vanderbilt chose the acorn as the symbol of the Vanderbilt family, and adopted the saying "Great oaks from little acorns grow" as the family motto.^[158]^[40] Among these decorations is a brass acorn finial atop the four-sided clock in the center of the Main Concourse.^[177]^[69] Other acorn or oak leaf decorations include carved wreaths under the Main Concourse's west stairs; sculptures above the lunettes in the Main Concourse; metalwork above the elevators; reliefs above the train gates; and the electric chandeliers in the Main Waiting Room and Main Concourse.^[393] These decorations were designed by Salières.^[393]

The overlapping letters "G", "C", and "T" are sculpted into multiple places in the terminal, including in friezes atop several windows above the terminal's ticket office. The symbol was designed with the "T" resembling an upside-down anchor, intended as a reference to Cornelius Vanderbilt's commercial beginnings in shipping and ferry businesses.^[395] In 2017, the MTA based its new logo for the terminal on the engraved design; MTA officials said its black and gold colors have long been associated with the terminal. The spur of the letter "G" has a depiction of a railroad spike.^[396] The 2017 logo succeeded one created by the firm Pentagram for the terminal's centennial in 2013. It depicted the Main Concourse's ball clock set to 7:13, or 19:13 using a 24-hour clock, referencing the terminal's completion in 1913. Both logos omit the word "terminal" in its name, in recognition to how most people refer to the building.^[54]

Influence

Among the buildings modeled on Grand Central's design is the Poughkeepsie station, a Metro-North and Amtrak station in Poughkeepsie, New York. It was also designed by Warren and Wetmore and opened in 1918.^[398]^[55] Additionally, Union Station in Utica, New York was partially designed after Grand Central, and the stage of Saturday Night Live was designed after the terminal as well.^[400]

Related structures

Park Avenue Viaduct

The Park Avenue Viaduct is an elevated road that carries Park Avenue around the terminal building and the MetLife Building and through the Helmsley Building — three buildings that lie across the line of the avenue. The viaduct rises from street level on 40th Street south of Grand Central, splits into eastern (northbound) and western (southbound) legs above the terminal building's main entrance,^[6] and continues north around the station building, directly above portions of its main level. The legs of the viaduct pass around the MetLife Building, into the Helmsley Building, and re-emerge at street level on 46th Street.

The viaduct was built to facilitate traffic along 42nd Street^[403] and along Park Avenue, then New York City's only discontinuous major north-south avenue.^[404] When the western leg of the viaduct was completed in 1919,^[405] it also served as a second level for picking up and dropping off passengers. In 1928, an eastern leg for northbound traffic was added to reduce congestion.^[403] A sidewalk, accessible from the Grand Hyatt hotel, runs parallel to 42nd Street.^[57]

Post office and baggage building

Grand Central Terminal has a post office at 450 Lexington Avenue, built from 1906 to 1909.^[14]^[32] The architecture of the original post office building matches that of the terminal, as the structures were designed by the same architects.^[410] The post office station expanded into a second building, directly north of the original structure, in 1915.^[410]^[412] From the beginning, Grand Central's post office was designed to handle massive volumes of mail, though it was not as large as the James A. Farley Building, the post office that was built with the original Penn Station.^[58]

The terminal complex originally included a six-story building for baggage handling just north of the main station building. Departing passengers unloaded their luggage from taxis or personal vehicles on the Park Avenue Viaduct, and elevators brought it to the baggage passageways (now part of Grand Central North), where trucks brought the luggage to the respective platforms. The process was reversed for arriving passengers.^[32]^[212] Biltmore Hotel guests arriving at Grand Central could get baggage delivered to their rooms.^[32] The baggage building was later converted to an office building. The structure was demolished in 1961^[417]^[418] to make way for the MetLife Building.^[32]

Subway station

The terminal's subway station, dubbed Grand Central–42nd Street, serves three lines: the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (serving the {{NYCS trains|Lexington}}), the IRT Flushing Line (serving the {{NYCS trains|Flushing}}), and the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle to Times Square.^[15] Built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT),^[421]^[422] the lines are now operated by the MTA as part of the New York City Subway.^[423]^[424]

The Main Concourse is connected to the subway platforms' mezzanine via the Shuttle Passage.^[63]^[423] The platforms can also be reached from the 42nd Street Passage via stairs, escalators, and an elevator to the fare control area for the Lexington Avenue and Flushing Lines.^[424]

The 42nd Street Shuttle platforms, located just below ground level, opened in 1904 as an express stop on the original IRT subway.^[421] The Lexington Avenue Line's platforms, which were opened in 1918 when the original IRT subway platforms were converted to shuttle use,^[429] run underneath the southeastern corner of the station building at a 45-degree angle, to the east of and at a lower level than the shuttle platforms.^[430] The Flushing Line platform opened in 1915;^[431] it is deeper than the Lexington Avenue Line's platforms because it is part of the Steinway Tunnel, a former streetcar tunnel that descends under the East River to the east of Grand Central.^[431]^[422] There was also a fourth line connected to Grand Central Terminal: a spur of the IRT Third Avenue elevated,^[422] which stopped at Grand Central starting in 1878;^[435] it was made obsolete by the subway's opening, and closed in 1923.^[436]

During the terminal's construction, there were proposals to allow commuter trains to pass through Grand Central and continue into the subway tracks, but they were deemed impractical.^[422]

History

Three buildings serving essentially the same function have stood on the current Grand Central Terminal's site.^[438]

Predecessors

Grand Central Terminal arose from a need to build a central station for the Hudson River Railroad, the New York and Harlem Railroad, and the New York and New Haven Railroad in what is now Midtown Manhattan.^[438]^[440]^[441] The Harlem Railroad originally ran as a steam railroad on street level along Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue),^[442]^[443]^[444]^[445] while the New Haven Railroad ran along the Harlem's tracks in Manhattan per a trackage agreement.^[442]^[443]^[444] The business magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the Hudson River and New York Central Railroads in 1867, and merged them two years later.^[449]^[444]^[445] Vanderbilt developed a proposal to unite the three separate railroads at a single central station, replacing the separate and adjacent stations that created chaos in baggage transfer.^[438]

Vanderbilt commissioned John B. Snook to design his new station, dubbed Grand Central Depot, on the site of the 42nd Street depot.^[453]^[454] Snook's final design was in the Second Empire style.^[455]^[443]^[457] Construction started on September 1, 1869, and the depot was completed by October 1871.^[443] Due to frequent accidents between pedestrians and trains running on street level, Vanderbilt proposed the Fourth Avenue Improvement Project in 1872.^[443] The improvements were completed in 1874, allowing trains approaching Grand Central Depot from the north to descend into the Park Avenue Tunnel at 96th Street and continue underground into the new depot.^[443] Traffic at Grand Central Depot grew quickly, filling its 12 tracks to capacity by the mid-1890s, not the late 1890s or early 1900s as expected.^[461] In 1885, a seven-track annex with five platforms was added to the east side of the existing terminal.^[59]^[461]^[464]

Grand Central Depot had reached its capacity again by the late 1890s,^[465] and it carried 11.5 million passengers a year by 1897.^[466] As a result, the railroads renovated the head house extensively based on plans by railroad architect Bradford Gilbert.^[467]^[465] The reconstructed building was renamed Grand Central Station.^[40]^[60] The new waiting room opened in October 1900.^[12]

As train traffic increased in the late 1890s and early 1900s, so did the problems of smoke and soot produced by steam locomotives in the Park Avenue Tunnel, the only approach to the station.^[457]^[473]^[59]^[475] This contributed to a crash on January 8, 1902, when a southbound train overran signals in the smoky Park Avenue Tunnel and collided with another southbound train,^[476]^[477]^[475] killing 15 people and injuring more than 30 others.^[479]^[480]^[481] Shortly afterward, the New York state legislature passed a law to ban all steam trains in Manhattan by 1908.^[473]^[477]^[484]^[485] William J. Wilgus, the New York Central's vice president, later wrote a letter to New York Central president William H. Newman. Wilgus proposed to electrify and place the tracks to Grand Central in tunnels, as well as constructing a new railway terminal with two levels of tracks and making other infrastructure improvements.^[40]^[484] In March 1903, Wilgus presented a more detailed proposal to the New York Central board.^[59]^[476]^[490]^[475] The railroad's board of directors approved the $35 million project in June 1903; ultimately, almost all of Wilgus's proposal would be implemented.^[476]^[490]

Replacement

The entire building was to be torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal. It was to be the biggest terminal in the world, both in the size of the building and in the number of tracks.^[40]^[60] The Grand Central Terminal project was divided into eight phases, though the construction of the terminal itself comprised only two of these phases.{{Refn|The projects included:^[496]

The current building was intended to compete with the since-demolished Pennsylvania Station, a majestic electric-train hub being built on Manhattan's west side for arch-rival Pennsylvania Railroad by McKim, Mead & White.^[497] In 1903, New York Central invited four architecture firms to a design competition to decide who would design the new terminal.^[498] Reed and Stem were ultimately selected,^[61] as were Warren and Wetmore, who were not part of the original competition.^[500]^[501]^[61]^[503]^[485] Reed and Stem were responsible for the overall design of the station, while Warren and Wetmore worked on designing the station's Beaux-Arts exterior.^[503]^[506]^[485] However, the team had a tense relationship due to constant design disputes.^[501]

Construction on Grand Central Terminal started on June 19, 1903.^[500] Wilgus proposed to demolish, excavate, and built the terminal in three sections or "bites",^[510] to prevent railroad service from being interrupted during construction.^[511] About {{convert|3,200,000|yd3|m3}} of the ground were excavated at depths of up to 10 floors, with {{convert|1,000|yd3|m3}} of debris being removed from the site daily. Over 10,000 workers were assigned to the project.^[512]^[323]^[514] The total cost of improvements, including electrification and the development of Park Avenue, was estimated at $180 million in 1910.^[515] Electric trains on the Hudson Line started running to Grand Central on September 30, 1906,^[516] and the segments of all three lines running into Grand Central had been electrified by 1907.^[514]

After the last train left Grand Central Station at midnight on June 5, 1910, workers promptly began demolishing the old station.^[62] The last remaining tracks from the former Grand Central Station were decommissioned on June 21, 1912.^[510] The new terminal was opened on February 2, 1913.^[520]^[521]^[522]

Heyday

The terminal spurred development in the surrounding area, particularly in Terminal City, a commercial and office district created above where the tracks were covered.^[523]^[524]^[525]^[526] The development of Terminal City also included the construction of the Park Avenue Viaduct, surrounding the station, in the 1920s.^[527]^[528]^[529] The new electric service led to increased development in New York City's suburbs, and passenger traffic on the commuter lines into Grand Central more than doubled in the seven years following the terminal's completion.^[63] Passenger traffic grew so rapidly that by 1918, New York Central proposed expanding Grand Central Terminal.^[531]

In 1923, the Grand Central Art Galleries opened in the terminal. A year after it opened, the galleries established the Grand Central School of Art, which occupied {{convert|7000|sqft|m2}} on the seventh floor of the east wing of the terminal.^[532]^[533] The Grand Central School of Art remained in the east wing until 1944,^[534] and it moved to the Biltmore Hotel in 1958.^[535]^[536]

Decline

In 1947, over 65 million people traveled through Grand Central, an all-time high.^[323] The station's decline came soon afterward with the beginning of the Jet Age and the construction of the Interstate Highway System. There were multiple proposals to significantly alter the terminal, including several replacing the station building with a skyscraper; none of the plans were carried out.^[538] The MetLife Building was ultimately erected behind Grand Central to the north, and opened in 1963.^[539]

New York Central, facing bankruptcy, merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1968, forming the Penn Central Railroad. Based on the Pennsylvania Railroad's demolition and replacement of the original Penn Station in 1963, Penn Central proposed another skyscraper replacing Grand Central Terminal.^[540] However, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Grand Central a city landmark in 1967, and refused to consider the plans.^[541]^[542] The resulting lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in favor of the city.^[543] After Penn Central went into bankruptcy in 1970, it retained title to Grand Central Terminal.^[544] When Penn Central reorganized as American Premier Underwriters (APU) in 1994, it retained ownership of Penn Central. In turn, APU was absorbed by American Financial Group.^[545]

Grand Central and the surrounding neighborhood became dilapidated during the 1970s, and the interior of Grand Central was dominated by huge billboard advertisements, which included the Kodak Colorama photos and the Westclox "Big Ben" clock.^[101] In 1975, Donald Trump bought the Commodore Hotel to the east of the terminal for $10 million and then worked out a deal with Jay Pritzker to transform it into one of the first Grand Hyatt hotels.^[547] Grand Central Terminal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and declared a National Historic Landmark in the following year.^[64]^[549]^[550] This period was marked by a bombing on September 11, 1976, when a group of Croatian nationalists planted a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal and hijacked a plane; the bomb was not disarmed properly, and the explosion injured three NYPD officers and killed one bomb squad specialist.^[551]^[65]

The final Amtrak train stopped at Grand Central on April 7, 1991, upon the completion of the Empire Connection on Manhattan's West Side. The connection allowed trains using the Empire Corridor from Albany, Toronto, and Montreal to use Penn Station.^[553] However, some Amtrak trains would use Grand Central during the summers of 2017 and 2018.^[66]^[67]

Renovation and subsequent expansions

In 1988, the MTA commissioned a study of the Grand Central Terminal, which concluded that parts of the terminal could be turned into a retail area.^[556] The agency announced an $113.8 million renovation of the terminal in 1995.^[128] During this renovation, all billboards were removed and the station was restored.^[101] The most striking effect was the restoration of the Main Concourse ceiling, revealing the painted skyscape and constellations.^[383]^[387] The renovations included the construction of the East Stairs, a curved monumental staircase on the east side of the station building that matched the West Stairs.^[561] An official re-dedication ceremony was held on October 1, 1998, marking the completion of the interior renovations.^[562]^[563]

On February 1, 2013, numerous displays, performances, and events were held to celebrate the terminal's centennial.^[564]^[565] The MTA awarded contracts to replace the display boards and public announcement systems and add security cameras at Grand Central Terminal in December 2017.^[90] The MTA also proposed to repair the Grand Central Terminal train shed's concrete and steel as part of the 2020–2024 MTA Capital Program.^[567] In February 2019, it was announced that the Grand Hyatt New York hotel outside of Grand Central Terminal would be torn down and replaced with a larger mixed-use structure over the next several years.^[68]^[69]

The East Side Access project, underway since 2007, is slated to bring Long Island Rail Road trains into the terminal when completed. LIRR trains will reach Grand Central from Harold Interlocking in Sunnyside, Queens, via the existing 63rd Street Tunnel and new tunnels under construction on both the Manhattan and Queens sides. LIRR trains will arrive and depart from a bi-level, eight-track tunnel with four platforms more than {{convert|90|ft|m}} below the Metro-North tracks.^[31] The project includes a new 350,000-square-foot retail and dining concourse^[571] and new entrances at 45th, 46th, and 48th streets.^[572] Cost estimates have jumped from $4.4 billion in 2004, to $6.4 billion in 2006, then to $11.1 billion. The new stations and tunnels are to begin service in December 2022.^[30]^[31]

In December 2006, American Financial sold Grand Central Terminal to Midtown TDR Ventures, LLC, an investment group controlled by Argent Ventures,^[575] which renegotiated the lease with the MTA until 2274.^[576] In November 2018, the MTA proposed to buy the station and the Hudson and Harlem Lines for up to $35.065 million, using the only purchase window specified in the lease: April 2017 to October 2019.^[544]^[578] The MTA's finance committee approved the proposal on November 13, 2018, and the full board approved it two days later.^[579]^[580]^[581]

Innovations

Passenger improvements

Grand Central Terminal offered several innovations in transit-hub design. One was the use of ramps, rather than staircases, to conduct passengers and luggage through the facility. Two ramps connected the lower-level suburban concourse to the main concourse; several more led from the main concourse to entrances on 42nd Street. These ramps allowed all types of travelers to easily move between Grand Central's two underground levels.^[36]^[583]^[363] There were also 15 passenger elevators and six freight-and-passenger elevators scattered around the station.^[363] The separation of commuter and intercity trains, as well as incoming and outgoing trains, ensured that most passengers on a given ramp would be traveling in the same direction.^[345] At its opening in 1913, the terminal was theoretically able to accommodate 100 million passengers a year.^[318]

The Park Avenue Viaduct, which wrapped around the terminal, allowed Park Avenue traffic to bypass the building without being diverted onto nearby streets,^[403] and reconnected the only north-south avenue in midtown Manhattan that had an interruption in it.^[404] The station building was also designed to accommodate reconnecting both segments of 43rd Street by going through the concourse, if the City of New York had demanded it.^[40]^[60]

Designers of the new terminal tried to make it as comfortable as possible. Amenities included an oak-floored waiting room for women, attended to by maids; a shoeshine room, also for women; a room with telephones; a beauty salon with gender-separated portions; a dressing room, with maids available for a fee; and a men's barbershop for men, containing a public portion with barbers from many cultures, as well as a rentable private portion.^[70]^[40]^[60] Initially, Grand Central was to have had two concourses, one on each level. The "outbound" concourse would have a 15,000-person capacity while the "inbound" concourse would have an 8,000-person capacity. A waiting room adjoining each concourse could fit another 5,000 people.^[343] Brochures advertised the new Grand Central Terminal as a tourist-friendly space where "[t]imid travelers may ask questions with no fear of being rebuffed by hurrying trainmen, or imposed upon by hotel runners, chauffeurs or others in blue uniforms"; a safe and welcoming place for people of all cultures, where "special accommodations are to be provided for immigrants and gangs of laborers"; and a general tourist attraction "where one delights to loiter, admiring its beauty and symmetrical lines—a poem in stone".^[40]^[60] The waiting room by the Main Concourse, now Vanderbilt Hall, also had an advantage over many, including Penn Station's: Grand Central's waiting room was a tranquil place to wait, with all ticket booths, information desks, baggage areas, and meeting areas instead removed to the Main Concourse.^[598]

Every train at Grand Central Terminal departs one minute later than its posted departure time. The extra minute is intended to encourage passengers rushing to catch trains at the last minute to slow down. According to The Atlantic, Grand Central Terminal has the lowest rate of slips, trips, and falls on its marble floors, compared to all other stations in the U.S. with similar flooring.^[599]

All of the terminal's light fixtures are bare light bulbs. At the time of the terminal's construction, electricity was still a relatively new invention, and the inclusion of electric light bulbs showcased this innovation.^[53]^[69] In 2009, the incandescent light bulbs were replaced with energy- and money-saving fluorescent lamp fixtures.^[54]

When Grand Central Terminal opened, it hired two types of porters, marked with different-colored caps, to assist passengers.^[603] Porters with red caps served as bellhops, rolling luggage around Grand Central Terminal, and were rarely paid tips.^[603]^[605] There were more than five hundred red-capped porters at one point.^[603] Porters with green caps, a position introduced in 1922,^[607] provided information services, sending out or receiving telegrams or phone messages for a fee.^[603]^[609]^[610] They later started dropping off and picking up packages as well. There were only twelve green-capped porters, as well as two messengers who brought messages to an exchange on the west side of the terminal.^[603]

Track improvements

Grand Central Terminal was built to handle 200 trains per hour, though actual traffic never came close to that.^[323] It had 46 tracks and 30 platforms, more than twice Penn Station's 21 tracks and 11 platforms.^[40]^[60]^[346] Its {{convert|70|acre|ha|adj=on}} rail yard could hold 1,149 cars, far more than the 366 in its predecessor station, and it dwarfed Penn Station's {{convert|28|acre|ha|adj=on}} yard.^[323]

As constructed, the upper level was for intercity trains, and the lower level for commuter trains. This allowed commuter and intercity passengers to board and get off trains without interfering with each other.^[32]^[34]

Terminal City

Burying the terminal's tracks and platforms also allowed the railroads to sell above-ground air rights for real-estate development.^[523]^[524] Grand Central's construction thus produced several blocks of prime real estate in Manhattan, stretching from 42nd to 51st Streets between Madison and Lexington Avenues.^[523]^[524] William Wilgus saw these air rights as merely a means to fund the terminal's construction. Reed & Stem originally proposed a "Court of Honor" for this space, while other proposals included a new Metropolitan Opera House, a Madison Square Garden, or a National Academy of Design building.^[629] Instead, the area was developed into a commercial office district.^[523]^[524] One early proposed name for this area was "Pershing Square", a name that was ultimately applied to the southern side of Grand Central Terminal.^[632] The blocks on the north side of the terminal were later dubbed "Terminal City" or the "Grand Central Zone".^[523]^[524]^[525] In conjunction with this project, the segment of Park Avenue above Grand Central's rail yards received a landscaped median and was widened to {{Convert|140|ft|m|abbr=}}.^[71]^[72]

Planning for the development began long before the terminal was completed. In 1903, the New York Central Railroad created a derivative, the New York State Realty and Terminal Company, to oversee construction above Grand Central's rail yards.^[73] The New Haven Railroad joined the venture later on.^[74] By 1906, news of the plans for Grand Central was already boosting the values of nearby properties.^[75] By the time the terminal opened in 1913, the blocks surrounding it were each valued at $2 million to $3 million.^[318] Terminal City soon became Manhattan's most desirable commercial and office district. From 1904 to 1926, land values along Park Avenue doubled, and land values in the Terminal City area increased 244%.^[76]

The Realty and Terminal Company typically either constructed the structures and rented them out, or sold the air rights to private developers who would construct their own buildings.^[74] The first building in Terminal City was the new Grand Central Palace, which opened in 1911 and replaced a predecessor building of the same name.^[410]^[645]^[76] The district came to include the Chrysler Building and other prestigious office buildings; luxury apartment houses along Park Avenue; an array of high-end hotels that included the Commodore, Biltmore, Roosevelt, Marguery, Chatham, Barclay, Park Lane, and Waldorf Astoria;^[526]^[76] the Grand Central Palace; and the Yale Club of New York City.^[345]^[76] The structures immediately around Grand Central Terminal had been developed shortly after the terminal's opening, while the structures along Park Avenue were constructed through the 1920s and 1930s.^[74]

These structures were designed in the neoclassical style, complementing the terminal's architecture.^[629] Although Warren and Whitmore designed most of these buildings, it also monitored other architects' plans (such as those of James Gamble Rogers, who designed the Yale Club) to ensure that the style of the new buildings was compatible with that of Terminal City.^[653] In general, the site plan of Terminal City was derived from the City Beautiful movement, which encouraged aesthetic harmony between adjacent buildings. The consistency of the architectural styles, as well as the vast funding provided by investment bankers, contributed to Terminal City's success.^[73]

The Graybar Building, completed in 1927, was one of the last projects of Terminal City. The building incorporates many of Grand Central's train platforms, as well as the Graybar Passage, a hallway with vendors and train gates stretching from the terminal to Lexington Avenue.^[655] In 1929, New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building, now called the Helmsley Building, which straddled Park Avenue north of the terminal.^[656] Development slowed drastically during the Great Depression,^[76] and part of Terminal City was gradually razed or reconstructed with steel-and-glass designs after World War II.^[526]^[659] In particular, many of the low-rise residential structures on Park Avenue were replaced with International Style skyscrapers during the 1950s and 1960s, many of which were zoned for commercial use.^[77] Some residential buildings from the era still exist along Lexington Avenue.^[526] Remnants of the neoclassical design can also be seen in the Yale Club and Roosevelt Hotel on Vanderbilt Avenue.^[629]

The area shares similar boundaries as the Grand Central Business Improvement District, a neighborhood with businesses collectively funding improvements and maintenance in the area. The district is well-funded; in 1990 it had the largest budget of any business improvement district in the United States.^[663] The district's organization and operation is run by the Grand Central Partnership, which has given free tours of the station building.^[664]^[665] The partnership has also funded some restoration projects around the terminal, including installation of lamps to illuminate its facade, purchase of a streetlamp that used to stand on the Park Avenue Viaduct.^[666]

Emergency services

The terminal is served by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department, whose Fifth District is headquartered^[78] in a station on the Dining Concourse.^[63] Various actions by MTA officers in the terminal have received media attention over the years. In 1988, seven officers were suspended for behaving inappropriately, including harassing a homeless man and patrolling unclothed.^[79] In the early 2000s, officers arrested two transgender people — Dean Spade in 2002 and Helena Stone in 2006 — who were attempting to use restrooms aligning with their gender identities. Lawsuits forced the MTA to drop the charges and to thenceforth allow use of restrooms according to gender identity.^[80]^[81] In 2017, an officer assaulted and arrested a conductor who was removing a passenger from a train in the terminal.^[82]

Fire and medical emergency services are provided by the Grand Central Fire Brigade, a volunteer entity formed in 1987. One of six such units in the Metro-North system, the brigade is made up of Metro-North employees, most of which are blue-collar workers: plumbers, electricians, machinists, and custodians. Every member is a volunteer, except for the fire chief. All receive at least 150 hours of training; EMS-certified members get an additional 170 hours every three years. The brigade handles an average of two emergencies a day, mostly medical in nature. The brigade regularly trains the NYPD, FDNY, and MTA Police to navigate the terminal and its miles of tunnels, and trains other Metro-North employees in first aid and CPR. It also conducts fire drills and stations fire guards for special events in the terminal.^[83]^[84]

The brigade's fleet, stored in a bay next to Track 14, includes three electric carts equipped with sirens and red lights: a white-painted ambulance no wider than a hospital bed that carries a stretcher, oxygen tanks, defibrillators, and other medical equipment; a red pumper that carries 200 gallons of water and 300 feet of fire hose; and a red rescue truck with air packs, forcible entry tools, and turnout gear.^[83]^[84]^[85]

Art installations and performances

Among the permanent works of public art in Grand Central are the celestial ceiling in the Main Concourse,^[338]^[368] the Glory of Commerce work, the statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt in front of the building's south facade,^[374]^[681] and the two cast-iron eagle statues adorning the terminal's facades.^[682] Temporary works, exhibitions, and events are regularly mounted in Vanderbilt Hall,^[683] while the Dining Concourse features temporary exhibits in a series of lightboxes.^[684]

The terminal is also known for its performance and installation art,^[685]^[686] including flash mobs and other spontaneous events.^[687]

In popular culture

Grand Central Terminal has been the subject, inspiration, or location for literature, television and radio episodes, and films.^[688]^[60]

Film and television

Many film and television productions have included scenes shot in the terminal. Kyle McCarthy, who handles production at Grand Central, said, "Grand Central is one of the quintessential New York places. Whether filmmakers need an establishing shot of arriving in New York or transportation scenes, the restored landmark building is visually appealing and authentic."^[690] Especially during World War II, Grand Central has been a backdrop for romantic reunions between couples. After the terminal declined in the 1950s, it was more frequently used as a dark, dangerous place, even a metaphor for chaos and disorientation,^[688] featuring chase scenes, shootouts, homeless people, and the mentally ill. In the 1990 film The Freshman, for example, Matthew Broderick's character stumbles over an unconscious man and watches fearfully as petty crimes take place around him.^[692]

Almost every scene in the terminal's train shed was shot on Track 34, one of the few platforms without columns.^[693]^[69]

The first filmed scene in which Grand Central Terminal appears may be the 1909 short comedy Mr. Jones Has a Card Party.^[695] The terminal's first cinematic appearance was in the 1930 musical film Puttin' On the Ritz,^[693] and its first Technicolor appearance was in the 1953 film The Band Wagon.^[69] Some films from the 20th century, including Grand Central Murder, The Thin Man Goes Home, Hello, Dolly!, and Beneath the Planet of the Apes used reconstructions of Grand Central, built in Hollywood, to stand in for the terminal.^[688]^[699] Additionally, the terminal was drawn and animated for use in the 2005 animated film Madagascar.^[700]

On October 19, 2017, several of these films were screened in the terminal for an event created by the MTA, Rooftop Films, and the Museum of the Moving Image and featuring a cinematic history lecture by architect and author James Sanders.^[705]

A television show in which Grand Central is depicted is Saturday Night Live, where a soundstage reconstruction of the terminal is shown.^[695]

Other

Literature featuring the terminal includes Report on Grand Central Terminal, written in 1948 by nuclear physicist Leo Szilard; The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger; Grand Central Murder by Sue MacVeigh, which was made into the eponymous film in 1942; A Stranger Is Watching by Mary Higgins Clark;^[695] and the 1946 children's classic The Taxi That Hurried by Lucy Sprague Mitchell.^[60] The infrastructure in Grand Central inspired the novel The Invention of Hugo Cabret, and in turn, the film Hugo.^[86] The dangerous life of homeless men and women in Grand Central and its tunnels and passageways inspired Lee Stringer's Grand Central Winter: Stories from the Street and Tina S.' collaboration with journalist Jamie Pastor Bolnick in the autobiography Living at the Edge of the World: A Teenager's Survival in the Tunnels of Grand Central Station.^[87]^[88]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

1. ^¹²{{cite book|last=Fortier|first=Alison|title=A History Lover's Guide to New York City|publisher=The History Press|pages=208–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTSACwAAQBAJ|date=2016|accessdate=February 12, 2019|isbn=9781467119030}}
2. ^{{cite web | title=news – State-of-Art Renewal Project Begins at White Plains Station | website=MTA | date=March 30, 2018 | url=http://www.mta.info/news/2018/03/30/state-art-renewal-project-begins-white-plains-station | access-date=February 4, 2019}}
3. ^{{cite news|last=Lunden|first=Jeff|title=Grand Central, A Cathedral For Commuters, Celebrates 100|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/02/01/170692025/grand-central-a-cathedral-for-commuters-celebrates-100|date=February 1, 2013|accessdate=February 3, 2019}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|title=MNR Map|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|url=http://web.mta.info/mnr/html/mnrmap.htm|accessdate=February 2, 2019}}
5. ^{{Cite NYC bus map|M}}* {{Cite NYC bus map|B2}}* {{Cite NYC bus map|Bx2}}* {{Cite NYC bus map|Q2}}* {{Cite NYC bus map|S}}
6. ^{{cite news|last=Albright|first=John Brannon|title=How to Go Coast to Coast By Train|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/27/travel/how-to-go-coast-to-coast-by-train.html|date=December 27, 1981|accessdate=February 2, 2019}}
7. ^{{cite news | last=Browne | first=Malcolm W. | title=The 20th Century Makes Final Run; Economics Force Central to End Luxury Service Curtain Is Stolen 'Everything Changes' Service Was Luxurious | website=The New York Times | date=December 3, 1967 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/12/03/archives/the-20th-century-makes-final-run-economics-force-central-to-end.html | access-date=February 3, 2019}}
8. ^{{cite web | last=Cameron | first=Jim | title=Getting There: Historic 20th Century Limited train service remains unmatched | website=Connecticut Post | date=December 3, 2018 | url=https://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Getting-There-Historic-20th-Century-Limited-13424954.php | access-date=February 3, 2019}}
9. ^{{cite web | title=In "Caves" Below Grand Central, East Side Access Project on Track | website=The Villager | date=November 5, 2015 | url=https://www.thevillager.com/2015/11/caves-grand-central-east-side-access-project-track/ | access-date=January 25, 2019}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/capital/comout_esa_alt.html |title=Capital Programs East Side Access |last= |first= |date= |website=web.mta.info |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=February 3, 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=LIRR Map|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|url=http://web.mta.info/lirr/Timetable/lirrmap.htm|accessdate=February 2, 2019}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://untappedcities.com/2016/06/03/the-hidden-history-of-grand-central-terminals-celestial-ceiling/|title=The Hidden History of Grand Central Terminal’s Celestial Ceiling|date=June 3, 2016|website=Untapped Cities|language=en-US|access-date=February 26, 2019}}
13. ^{{harvnb|Bilotto|DiLorenzo|2017}}
14. ^{{cite news|last=Dominus|first=Susan|title=Commuters Overlooking Free Treasure|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/nyregion/17bigcity.html|date=November 16, 2009|accessdate=February 12, 2019}}
15. ^¹{{cite news|last=Barron|first=James|title=A Clock Moves in Grand Central, and Memories Stir|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/a-clock-moves-in-grand-central-and-memories-stir/|date=March 25, 2011|accessdate=February 7, 2019}}
16. ^¹²{{cite journal|last=Bennett|first=Christopher K.|title=New York's Grand Central Terminal: Modern Information Display With a Classic Face|journal=Information Display|publisher=Society for Information Display|volume=3|number=2|pages=12–16|url=http://archive.informationdisplay.org/Portals/InformationDisplay/IssuePDF/V03N02-1987%20February%20Small.pdf|date=February 1987|accessdate=March 25, 2019}}
17. ^{{cite web | title=Heads Up, Bergen: Grand Central's Big Board Being Replaced | website=Teaneck Daily Voice | date=October 28, 2017 | url=https://dailyvoice.com/new-york/armonk/lifestyle/heads-up-bergen-grand-centrals-big-board-being-replaced/725352/ | access-date=March 24, 2019}}
18. ^¹{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=207–208}}
19. ^{{cite news | author=The New York Times | title=BIG COLOR PHOTOS SEEN BY MILLION; GIANT COLORAMA AT GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL | website=The New York Times | date=July 19, 1951 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/07/19/archives/big-color-photos-seen-by-million-giant-colorama-at-grand-central.html | access-date=February 3, 2019}}
20. ^{{cite news | last=Grundberg | first=Anny | title=Pastimes; Camera | website=Pastimes; Camera | date=December 3, 1989 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/03/style/pastimes-camera.html | access-date=February 3, 2019}}
21. ^{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|p=209}}
22. ^{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Susan Heller|last2=Dunlap|first2=David W.|title=New York Day by Day; Grand Central Clock Gets a Makeover|website=The New York Times|date=August 11, 1986|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/11/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-grand-central-clock-gets-a-makeover.html|accessdate=February 3, 2019}}
23. ^{{cite web|last=Anders|first=Marjorie|title=Metro-North Railroad Doubles Advertising Revenue with Digital Media in Grand Central Terminal|publisher=Mass Transit|url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/rail/article/10853255/metronorth-railroad-doubles-advertising-revenue-with-digital-media-in-grand-central-terminal|date=February 4, 2013|accessdate=February 3, 2019}}
24. ^{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|p=210}}
25. ^{{cite news | last=Robertson | first=Nan | title=NEW YORK PAUSES TO 'WATCH' GLENN; Millions Rivet Attention on Astronaut in Flight | website=The New York Times | date=February 21, 1962 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/02/21/archives/new-york-pauses-to-watch-glenn-millions-rivet-attention-on.html | access-date=February 4, 2019}}
26. ^{{cite news | last=Brown | first=Christian | title=8,000 WATCH SHOT IN GRAND CENTRAL; Capacity Crowd Jams Floor Around Oversize TV Set 9:04 A.M.: Faces Reflect Tension of the Lift-Off | website=The New York Times | date=May 16, 1963 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/16/archives/8000-watch-shot-in-grand-central-capacity-crowd-jams-floor-around.html | access-date=February 4, 2019}}
27. ^{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=210–211}}
28. ^{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=214–215}}
29. ^¹²{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|p=199}}
30. ^{{cite news | last=Childs | first=Kingsley | title=10,000 Fans Pack Grand Central To Acclaim Returning Dodgers; Placards Shown With Appropriate Sentiments in Brooklynese – MacPhail, at 125th St. Station, Sees Team Train Sweep By | website=The New York Times | date=September 26, 1941 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/09/26/archives/10000-fans-pack-grand-central-to-acclaim-returning-dodgers-placards.html | access-date=February 4, 2019}}
31. ^{{cite news | last=Barron | first=James | title=Preparing to Dance Away 1991 at Grand Central | website=The New York Times | date=December 26, 1991 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/nyregion/preparing-to-dance-away-1991-at-grand-central.html | access-date=February 4, 2019}}
32. ^{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=200, 205–206}}
33. ^{{cite web|last=Goldberg |first=Betsy |url=https://www.timeout.com/new-york-kids/things-to-do/grand-central-terminal-tour |title=Grand Central Terminal tour |publisher=Timeout.com |date=January 14, 2010 |accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
34. ^{{harvnb|Belle|Leighton|2000|p=155}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=152 A.D.2d 216 – Greenwich Assocs. v. MTA., Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, First Department.|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/1989368152ad2d2161332|accessdate=February 1, 2019}}
36. ^{{cite web|title=Attention Railroad Buffs and Architecture Aficionados: Artifacts Sought for Grand Central Terminal Centennial Exhibition|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|url=http://www.mta.info/press-release/metro-north/attention-railroad-buffs-and-architecture-aficionados-artifacts-sought|date=August 2, 2010|accessdate=March 25, 2019}}
37. ^{{cite web | title=Grand Central Holiday Fair | website=The official website of the City of New York | date=December 20, 2017 | url=http://www1.nyc.gov/events/grand-central-holiday-fair/160627/37 | access-date=January 1, 2019}}
38. ^{{cite web | title=Vanderbilt Hall at Grand Central Terminal | website=NYC & Company | date=January 26, 2018 | url=https://business.nycgo.com/listing/vanderbilt-hall-at-grand-central-terminal/46656/ | access-date=January 1, 2019}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://tocsquash.com/toc-history/|title=ToC History|website=Tournament of Champions|accessdate=December 24, 2018}}
40. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lynndouglass/2013/01/23/grand-central-stations-glass-box-amazes-again/#5837a5777467|title=Grand Central Station's Glass Box Amazes Again|last=Douglass|first=Lynn|date=January 23, 2013|work=Forbes|accessdate=December 24, 2018}}
41. ^¹{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=177–178}}
42. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/05/09/archives/big-doings-at-the-depot.html|title=Big Doings at the Depot|last=McManus|first=John T|date=May 9, 1937|access-date=January 14, 2019|website=The New York Times}}
43. ^{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=179–180}}
44. ^{{cite news|last=Rohde|first=David S.|author-link=David S. Rohde|title=A Grand Design Takes Shape On the Floor of Grand Central|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/28/nyregion/a-grand-design-takes-shape-on-the-floor-of-grand-central.html|date=December 28, 1997|accessdate=February 2, 2019}}
45. ^Sources that mention the 109-foot figure include* {{cite web|url=//cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/man-and-machine-both-beautiful-meet-at-grand-central/|title=Man and Machine, Both Beautiful, Meet at Grand Central|last=Grynbaum|first=Michael M.|date=September 12, 2017|website=City Room|access-date=February 10, 2019}}* {{cite web|url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2008-03-03-0803020167-story.html|title=A GRAND PLACE|last=Taylor|first=Ross|date=March 3, 2008|website=The Hartford Courant|access-date=February 10, 2019}}A figure of 105 feet is also given by {{harvnb|Solis|2005|p=118}}.
46. ^At least two sources give a figure of nine flights or 13 stories* {{cite news | last=Heidenry | first=Margaret | title='In 24 Hours': Track 61 and Grand Central's M42 | website=CNN Travel | date=December 7, 2015 | url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/in-24-hours-new-york-train-track/index.html | access-date=February 10, 2019}}* {{cite web | last=Reynolds | first=Emma | title=Dark world under New York streets | website=NewsComAu | date=June 6, 2018 | url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/world-travel/north-america/death-fame-and-fear-dark-world-under-new-york-streets/news-story/0f45cd9fcf8405edc22e93339c20614d | access-date=February 10, 2019}}The 10-story figure is mentioned by: {{cite web | title=9 Secret Spaces Hidden Under Our Cities | website=Interesting Engineering | date=December 5, 2017 | url=https://interestingengineering.com/9-secret-spaces-hidden-under-our-cities | access-date=February 10, 2019}}
47. ^{{Cite book | last1=Solis | first1=Julia | title=New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City | publisher=Routledge | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-415-95013-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpdwcewZ2rgC | access-date=January 22, 2019 | page=118|ref=harv}}
48. ^{{cite web|title=General Engineering Consulting Feasibility Study for Redevelopment of Carey's Hole: Section 1: History of Carey's Hole|work=Beyer Blinder Belle|url=https://grandcentralterminal.app.box.com/s/z2mlivbdgn/file/750852164|date=November 29, 2010|accessdate=January 20, 2018}}
49. ^{{cite journal|title=Developments at the Grand Central Terminal in New York|journal=Railway Review|volume=57|number=8|page=231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAVCAQAAIAAJ|date=August 21, 1915}}
50. ^{{cite journal|title=Grand Central Emergency Hospital|journal=Railroad Men|volume=25|number=9|pages=268–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cyc0e1whX1QC|date=June 1912|accessdate=February 9, 2019}}
51. ^{{cite news|newspaper=The Journal News|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28344493/|title=Grand Central Terminal Builds Legend During its 50 Years|date=November 13, 1963|accessdate=February 9, 2019|page=21|via=newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
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53. ^{{cite web|last=Schröder|first=Asta Freifrau von|title=Images and Messages in the Embellishment of Metropolitan Railway Stations (1850–1950)|publisher=Technische Universität Berlin|language=en|url=https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/bitstream/11303/4198/1/schroeder_asta_von_Text.pdf|date=June 2, 2014|accessdate=February 24, 2019|doi=10.14279/depositonce-3901}}
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141. ^¹{{cite news|last=Goonan|first=Peter|title='A work of art': Springfield unveils restored Grand Central benches at Union Station|newspaper=Mass Live|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/07/springfield_union_station_unveils_restored_grand_central_terminal_benches.html|date=July 16, 2018|accessdate=December 14, 2018}}
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316. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/06/26/archives/wonders-grow-near-new-grand-central-work-will-cost-180000000-and-a.html|title=WONDERS GROW NEAR NEW GRAND CENTRAL; Work Will Cost $180,000,000 and a New Park Avenue Will Rise to the North.|date=June 26, 1910|website=The New York Times|access-date=December 13, 2018}}
317. ^¹{{harvnb|Schlichting|2001|p=97}}
318. ^¹{{cite web|last1=Maranzani|first1=Barbara|title=Grand Central Terminal: An American Icon|url=http://www.history.com/news/grand-central-terminal-an-american-icon-turns-100|website=History.com|accessdate=February 2, 2018}}
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327. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/09/02/105202500.pdf|title=New Viaduct Thoroughfare Relieves Park Avenue Traffic Congestion; Result of Many Years' Work|date=September 2, 1928|newspaper=The New York Times|page=Real Estate, Page 123|accessdate=December 7, 2018}}
328. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26368762/|title=N.Y. Central Plans Broad Expansion|date=May 24, 1918|work=Buffalo Commercial|accessdate=December 19, 2018|page=9|via=newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
329. ^¹{{cite news|title=New Art School Opens: Reception Held in Studios Over the Grand Central|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/10/02/archives/gains-in-business-send-stocks-up-steel-and-car-orders-and-freight.html|date=October 2, 1924|page=27|accessdate=March 3, 2010}}
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332. ^¹{{cite news|title=Galleries to End 36 Years in Depot; Grand Central Art Group to Move to Biltmore Hotel in March – Fete Held | website=The New York Times | date=October 31, 1958 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/31/archives/galleries-to-end-36-years-in-depot-grand-central-art-group-to-move.html | access-date=January 14, 2019}}
333. ^¹They remained at the Biltmore for 23 years until 1981, and then moved to 24 West 57th Street, and ceased operations by 1994.{{cite web|title=A Finding Aid to the Grand Central Art Galleries records, 1931–1968, bulk circa 1952-circa 1965|website=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/grand-central-art-galleries-records-8254|date=November 14, 2018|accessdate=December 7, 2018}}
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336. ^¹{{cite news | last=Fowler | first=Glenn | title=BREUER TO DESIGN TERMINAL TOWER; Engaged by Briton for a 2d Project Over Grand Central | website=The New York Times | date=February 24, 1968 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/02/24/archives/breuer-to-design-terminal-tower-engaged-by-briton-for-a-2d-project.html | access-date=December 24, 2018}}
337. ^¹{{cite news | last=Shipler | first=David K. | title=Landmarks Panel Bars Office Tower Over Grand Central; Landmarks Panel Bars Tower on Grand Central | website=The New York Times | date=August 27, 1969 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/27/archives/landmarks-panel-bars-office-tower-over-grand-central-landmarks.html | access-date=December 24, 2018}}
338. ^¹Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978)
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354. ^¹{{cite news|title=Grand Central turns 100|url=http://www.rtands.com/index.php/track-maintenance/off-track-maintenance/grand-central-turns-100.html?channel=286|newspaper=RT&S|date=February 1, 2013|accessdate=February 5, 2013}}
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358. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2015-11-04/lirr-east-side-access-grand-central-terminal-tunnels-construction|title=Inside the Massive New Rail Tunnels Beneath NYC's Grand Central|last=Ocean|first=Justin|date=November 4, 2015|publisher=Bloomberg News|accessdate=January 19, 2016}}
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362. ^¹{{cite news |title=MTA to Purchase Grand Central Terminal, Harlem Line and Hudson Line for $35 Million |url=http://www.mta.info/press-release/mta-headquarters/mta-purchase-grand-central-terminal-harlem-line-and-hudson-line-35 |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |publisher=MTA |date=November 13, 2018}}
363. ^¹{{cite web|last=Berger|first=Paul|title=After Years of Renting, MTA to Buy Grand Central Terminal|website=Wall Street Journal|date=November 13, 2018|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/after-years-of-renting-mta-to-buy-grand-central-terminal-1542150594|accessdate=November 14, 2018}}
364. ^¹{{cite web|title=MTA to buy Grand Central, Harlem and Hudson lines for $35M, opening development options|website=lohud.com|date=November 13, 2018|url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/transit/2018/11/13/mta-buy-grand-central/1993301002/|accessdate=November 14, 2018}}
365. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/real-estate/new-yorks-grand-central-terminal-sold-for-us35m|title=New York's Grand Central Terminal sold for US$35m|date=November 20, 2018|newspaper=Business Times|accessdate=November 25, 2018}}
366. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/02/02/archives/first-great-stairless-railway-terminal-in-history-unique.html|title=FIRST GREAT STAIRLESS RAILWAY TERMINAL IN HISTORY; Unique Architectural Feature by Which Passengers Reach Trains by Easy Grades.|date=February 2, 1913|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 7, 2018}}
367. ^¹²³{{cite news|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/09/02/105202500.pdf|title=New Viaduct Thoroughfare Relieves Park Avenue Traffic Congestion; Result of Many Years' Work.|date=September 2, 1928|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 7, 2018|page=Real Estate, Page 123,}}
368. ^¹²{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|p=103}}
369. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/04/17/archives/link-up-park-av-to-ease-congestion-civic-bodies-celebrate-opening.html|title=Link Up Park Av. to Ease Congestion|date=April 17, 1919|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 7, 2018}}
370. ^¹{{cite news|title=New Grand Central Terminal Opens its Doors|newspaper=The New York Times|pages=69–74|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/02/02/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=LedeAsset®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article|date=February 2, 1913|accessdate=December 18, 2018}}
371. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/the-clocks-at-grand-central-station-are-permanently-wrong/272768/|title=The Clocks at Grand Central Station Are Permanently Wrong|last=Garber|first=Megan|date=February 1, 2013|publisher=The Atlantic}}
372. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=131–132}}
373. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/06/01/archives/fifty-years-he-watched-growth-of-grand-central-george-schuman-now.html|title=FIFTY YEARS HE WATCHED GROWTH OF GRAND CENTRAL; George Schuman, Now Retiring, Began Work at the Terminal When It Was Called|date=May 1, 1924|website=The New York Times|access-date=January 5, 2019}}
374. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/06/25/archives/green-caps-to-help-forgetful-travelers-new-functionaries-at-grand.html|title='GREEN CAPS' TO HELP FORGETFUL TRAVELERS; New Functionaries at Grand Central to Perform Offices of aPrivate Secretary.|date=June 25, 1922|website=The New York Times|access-date=January 5, 2019}}
375. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/08/19/archives/day-in-a-green-caps-life-is-filled-with-odd-jobs.html|title=DAY IN A GREEN CAP'S LIFE IS FILLED WITH ODD JOBS|date=August 19, 1923|website=The New York Times|access-date=January 5, 2019}}
376. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%25206%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Tribune%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Tribune%25201922%2520Jul%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Tribune%25201922%2520Jul%2520Grayscale%2520-%25200023.pdf|title=New Grand Central Green Caps Banish All Trouble for a Dime|date=July 2, 1922|work=New York Tribune|accessdate=January 5, 2019|page=4|via=Fultonhistory.com}}
377. ^¹{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|page=44}}
378. ^¹²{{harvnb|Schlichting|2001|p=80}}
379. ^¹{{harvnb|Schlichting|2001|pp=81–82}}
380. ^¹{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1918/07/22/archives/wants-pershing-square-jm-bowman-proposes-name-for-grand-central.html|title=WANTS 'PERSHING SQUARE.'; J.M. Bowman Proposes Name for Grand Central Terminal Zone.|date=July 22, 1918|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 20, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
381. ^¹²³{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=106–107}}
382. ^{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=111}}
383. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26591901/|title=New Grand Central Palace to Be Ready in May|date=February 12, 1913|work=Washington Post|access-date=December 22, 2018|location=Washington, DC|page=39|via=newspapers.com}} {{open access}}
384. ^¹{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=108–109}}
385. ^¹{{cite web|title=The Graybar Building|publisher=Landmarks Preservation Commission|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2554.pdf|date=November 22, 2016|accessdate=December 7, 2018}}
386. ^¹{{cite news|title=Park Avenue, Interrupted|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/realestate/park-avenue-interrupted.html|date=December 21, 2014|accessdate=December 8, 2018}}
387. ^¹{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|pp=113}}
388. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/03/arts/architecture-view-grand-central-basks-in-a-burst-of-morning-light.html|title=ARCHITECTURE VIEW; GRAND CENTRAL BASKS IN A BURST OF MORNING LIGHT|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=June 3, 1990|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 25, 2018}}
389. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/nyregion/answering-questions-about-new-york.html|title=Answering Questions About New York|date=April 27, 2014|website=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2018}}
390. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/travel/16weekend.html|title=Sheltering Under Grand Central’s Ceiling of Stars|last=Kugel|first=Seth|date=November 16, 2008|website=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2018}}
391. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/29/nyregion/new-lighting-for-grand-central-elegance.html|title=New Lighting for Grand Central Elegance|last=Shepard|first=Richard F.|date=March 29, 1991|website=The New York Times|access-date=December 25, 2018}}
392. ^{{harvnb|Schlichting|2001|page=124}}
393. ^{{harvnb|Roberts|2013|page=89}}; {{harvnb|Bilotto|DiLorenzo|2017|page=2}}
394. ^{{harvnb|Robins|New York Transit Museum|2013|page=6}}
395. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/19/realestate/the-curious-travels-of-the-commodore.html|title=The Curious Travels of the Commodore|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=March 19, 2006|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 15, 2018|issn=0362-4331}}
396. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://untappedcities.com/2014/02/24/where-are-the-cast-iron-eagles-of-the-original-grand-central-terminal/|title=Where Are the Cast-Iron Eagles of the Original Grand Central Terminal?|last=Ortiz|first=Brennan|date=February 24, 2014|newspaper=Untapped Cities|accessdate=December 6, 2018}}
397. ^¹See, for example: * {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/09/arts/adventurous-performers-in-unexpected-places.html|title=Adventurous Performers In Unexpected Places|last=Yarrow|first=Andrew L.|date=October 9, 1987|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 22, 2018}}* {{cite news|url=http://www.lionsroar.com/steel-roses-slave-ships-september-2013/|title=Steel, Roses & Slave Ships|last=Miller|first=Andrea|date=September 1, 2013|newspaper=Lion's Roar|access-date=December 19, 2016|language=en-US}}* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/27/arts/art-the-carpet-that-ate-grand-central.html|title=ART; The Carpet That Ate Grand Central|last=Yablonsky|first=Linda|date=June 27, 2004|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 22, 2018}}* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/25/arts/design/heard-ny-brings-dancing-horses-to-grand-central-terminal.html|title=Watch Out for the Horses on Your Way to the Train|date=March 24, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 22, 2018}}
398. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/news/2013/10/15/mta-arts-transit-unveils-new-papercut-exhibition-grand-central|title=MTA | news | MTA Arts for Transit Unveils New Papercut Exhibition at Grand Central|date=September 27, 2013|publisher=Mta.info|accessdate=December 22, 2018}}
399. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://installationmag.com/xin-songs-paper-works-at-grand-central-station/|title=Xin Song's Paper Architecture at Grand Central Station|last=Opie|first=Catherine|publisher=Installationmag.com|accessdate=December 22, 2018}}
400. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://installationmag.com/thomas-witte-is-cutting-shadows-in-grand-central-station/|title=Thomas Witte is Cutting Shadows in Grand Central Station|last=Song|first=Xin|publisher=Installationmag.com|accessdate=December 22, 2018}}
401. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/fashion/15Diary.html|title=Moncler Grenoble Show Takes Over Grand Central|last=Trebay|first=Guy|date=February 14, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 22, 2018}}
402. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news|url=http://www.boweryboyshistory.com/2018/02/grand-central-terminals-ten-greatest.html|title=Grand Central Terminal's Ten Greatest Moments on Film|date=February 21, 2018|accessdate=December 6, 2018|publisher=New York City History}}
403. ^¹{{cite news|title=Industry Star of the Month|work=Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting|url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/industry_star_mccarthy.shtml|date=October 1, 2005|accessdate=February 14, 2019}}
404. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/nyregion/in-a-summer-of-hell-grand-central-may-be-a-bit-of-heaven.html|title=In a 'Summer of Hell,' Grand Central May Be a Bit of Heaven|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|date=July 5, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 19, 2018}}
405. ^¹²{{cite news|url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/things-to-do/12-things-you-didnt-know-about-grand-central-terminal|title=12 things you didn't know about Grand Central Terminal|last=Chaudhury|first=Nadia|date=January 27, 2013|newspaper=Time Out New York|accessdate=December 6, 2018}}
406. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{harvnb|Langmead|2009|pp=165–166}}
407. ^¹{{cite journal|last=Winogura|first=Dale|date=1972|title=Dialogues on Apes, Apes, and More Apes|url=http://pota.goatley.com/magazines/cinefantastique-summer-1972.pdf|journal=Cinefantastique: Planet of the Apes Issue|page=37|accessdate=December 24, 2018}}
408. ^¹²{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00fZoiH1bXc|title=The Grand Central Terminal in the Movies|last=Rosen|first=Neil|newspaper=NY1|accessdate=December 6, 2018|authorlink=Neil Rosen (journalist)}}
409. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.amny.com/things-to-do/grand-central-terminal-film-screening-1.14435315|title=Grand Central Terminal transforming into cinema for one day only|last=Weaver|first=Shaye|date=October 11, 2017|newspaper=AM New York|accessdate=December 6, 2018}}
410. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amtrak.com/stations/nyg|title= New York, New York Grand Central Terminal|author=National Railroad Passenger Corporation|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
411. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/mta/news/books/docs/2017%20MNR%20Ridership%20Appendix.pdf|title=2017 MNR Ridership Appendix|page=9|website=mta.info|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|date=April 23, 2018|accessdate=November 24, 2018}}
412. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Grand Central Terminal|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|url=http://as0.mta.info/mnr/stations/station_detail.cfm?key=1|accessdate=February 24, 2019}}
413. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{Cite map|title=Metro-North Railroad Track Map|year=2009|first1=Richard E.|last=Green|section=Grand Central Terminal|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/25/08/f5/2508f544f00000fcff04dd26ae750e94.jpg}}