“Arctotherium”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Arctotherium

释义

Description
Ecology
Lifestyle Diet
Distribution
References
Bibliography

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Early Pleistocene-Early Holocene^[1]
(Ensenadan-Lujanian)
{{small|Possible Blancan record}}
~{{Fossil range|1.2|0.011|earliest=2.588}}
| image = Arctotherium.jpg
| image_caption = Life restoration of A. bonariense
| taxon = Arctotherium
| authority = Burmeister 1879
| type_species = †Arctotherium bonariense
| type_species_authority = Gervais 1852
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =

A. angustidens {{small|Gervais & Ameghino 1880}}
A. bonariense {{small|Gervais 1852 (type)}}
A. tarijense {{small|Ameghino 1902}}
A. vetustum {{small|Ameghino 1885}}
A. wingei {{small|Ameghino 1902}}

}}Arctotherium is an extinct genus of Central and South American short-faced bears within Ursidae of the Pleistocene.^[1] Their ancestors migrated from North America to South America during the Great American Interchange, following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama during the late Pliocene. The oldest confirmed remains are from the Ensenadan epoch within the Early to Middle Pleistocene 1.2 Mya with a tooth possibly belonging to Arctotherium dating about 2.588 Mya. Their closest known relative is the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus).^[2]

Description

Arctotherium was named by Hermann Burmeister in 1879. A specimen of A. angustidens from Buenos Aires shows an individual estimated, using the humerus, to weigh between {{convert|983|and|2042|kg|abbr=on}}, though the authors consider the upper limit as improbable and say that {{convert|1588|to|1749|kg|abbr=on}} is more likely. It would still make the genus the largest bear ever found and contender for the largest carnivorous land mammal known.^[3]

Its large size has been attributed to increased competition from other, later-arriving or evolving carnivorans, such as jaguars, or Smilodon, following the early dispersal of short-faced bears to South America.^[3] The North American carnivorans that invaded South America, including short-faced bears and Smilodon, probably quickly dominated the predatory niches formerly occupied by the native typical South American groups as metatherian sparassodont and avian phorusrhacid carnivores.

Ecology

Lifestyle

There is evidence to suggest that Arctotherium had dens.

Diet

Distribution

Fossils of Arctotherium have been found in:^[4]

Blancan

Cuscatlán Formation, El Salvador^[5]

Quaternary

Luján Formation, Argentina
Taríja and Ñuapua Formations, Bolivia
Jandaíra Formation, Brazil
Cueva de los Chingues, Chile^[6]
Taima-Taima, Muaco and Cueva del Guácharo, Venezuela^[7]

References

1. ^¹Soibelzon et al., 2005
2. ^Mitchell et al., 2016
3. ^¹Soibelzon & Schubert, 2011
4. ^Arctotherium at Fossilworks.org
5. ^Soibelzon et al., 2008
6. ^Prevosti et al., 2003
7. ^Soibelzon & Rincón, 2007

Bibliography

{{cite LSA |last=Mitchell |first=Kieren J. |last2=Bray |first2=Sarah C. |last3=Bover |first3=Pere |last4=Soibelzon |first4=Leopoldo |last5=Schubert |first5=Blaine W. |last6=Prevosti |first6=Francisco |last7=Prieto |first7=Alfredo |last8=Martin |first8=Fabiana |last9=Austin & Alan Cooper |first9=Jeremy J. |year=2016 |title=Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301568754_Ancient_mitochondrial_DNA_reveals_convergent_evolution_of_giant_short-faced_bears_Tremarctinae_in_North_and_South_America |journal=Biology Letters |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=20160062 |accessdate=2019-02-21}}
{{cite LSA |last=Prevosti |first=F.J. |last2=Soibelzon |first2=L.H. |last3=Prieto |first3=A. |last4=San Román |first4=M. |last5=Morello |first5=F. |year=2003 |title=The Southernmost bear: Pararctotherium (Carnivora, Ursidae, Tremarctinae) in the latest Pleistocene of Southern Patagonia, Chile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263381230_The_southernmost_bear_Pararctotherium_Carnivora_Ursidae_Tremarctinae_in_the_latest_Pleistocene_of_Southern_Patagonia_Chile |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=23 |pages=709–712 |accessdate=2019-02-21}}
{{cite LSA |last=Soibelzon |first=L.H. |last2=Schubert |first2=B.W. |year=2011 |title=The Largest Known Bear, Arctotherium angustidens, from the Early Pleistocene Pampean Region of Argentina: With a Discussion of Size and Diet Trends in Bears |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=69–75 |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.870.2014&rep=rep1&type=pdf |accessdate=2019-02-21}}
{{cite LSA |last=Soibelzon |first=L.H. |last2=Romero |first2=M.R. |last3=Huziel Aguilar |first3=D. |last4=Tartarini |first4=V.B. |year=2008 |title=A Blancan (Pliocene) short-faced bear from El Salvador and its implications for Tremarctines in South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233701047_A_Blancan_Pliocene_short-faced_bear_from_El_Salvador_and_its_implications_for_Tremarctines_in_South_America |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=250 |pages=1–8 |accessdate=2019-02-21}}
{{cite LSA |last=Soibelzon |first=L.H. |last2=Rincón |first2=A.D. |year=2007 |title=The fossil record of the short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae) from Venezuela. Systematic, biogeographic, and paleoecological implications |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.827.6635&rep=rep1&type=pdf |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=244 |pages=287–298 |accessdate=2019-02-21}}
{{cite LSA |last=Soibelzon |first=L.H. |last2=Tonni |first2=E.P. |last3=Bond |first3=M. |year=2005 |title=The fossil record of South American short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223390695_The_fossil_record_of_South_American_short-faced_bears_Ursidae_Tremarctinae |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=20 |issue=1–2 |pages=105–113 |accessdate=2019-02-21}}

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