| 词条 | Greengage |
| 释义 |
|image = Owoce Renkloda.jpg |image_width = 260px |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Rosids |ordo = Rosales |familia = Rosaceae |genus = Prunus |subgenus = Prunus |sectio = Prunus |species = P. domestica |subspecies = P. d. ssp. italica |trinomial = Prunus domestica ssp. italica |trinomial_authority = (Borkh.) Gams ex Hegi |synonyms =Prunus italica Borkh. |synonyms_ref = [1] }}{{About|the European plum cultivar|the species of green plum from Asia|Prunus mume}} The greengages are a group of cultivars of the common European plum. The first true greengage came from a green-fruited wild plum (Persian: آلوچه trans. Alooche) originally found in Iran that original greengage cultivar nowadays survives in an almost unchanged form as the cultivar Reine Claude Verte.{{cn|date=August 2018}} The Oxford English Dictionary regards "gage" and "greengage" as synonyms.[2] However, not all gages are green, and some horticulturists make a distinction between the two words, with greengages as a variety of the gages, scientifically named Prunus domestica subsp. italica var. claudiana.[3][4] The gages (P. d. ssp. italica) otherwise include the large and usually purple to blackish but occasionally bright yellow round plums (var. subrotunda, e.g. the Ontario plum), as well as the ancient and little-known Austrian varieties Punze (var. rotunda) and Weinkriech (var. vinaria). DescriptionGreengage fruit are identified by their round-oval shape and smooth-textured, pale green flesh; they are on average smaller than round plums but larger than mirabelle plums (usually between 2 and 4 cm diameter). The skin ranges in colour from green to yellowish, with a pale blue "blush" in some cultivars; a few Reine Claudes, such as 'Graf Althanns', are reddish-purple due to crossbreeding with other plums. Greengages are grown in temperate areas and are known for the rich, confectionery flavour. They are considered to be among the finest dessert plums. History and etymologyGreengage fruit originated in Iran.[4] "Green Gages" were allegedly first imported into England from France in 1724 by Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet, from whom they get their English name,[5] though a greengage seed was found embedded in a 15th-c building in Hereford.[6] Allegedly, the labels identifying the French plum trees were lost in transit to Gage's home at Hengrave Hall, near Bury St Edmunds.[7] Soon after, greengages were cultivated in the American colonies, even being grown on the plantations of American presidents George Washington (1732–1799) and Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). However, their cultivation in North America has declined significantly since the 18th century. The name Reine Claude (French for "Queen Claude"), by which they are known in France, is in honour of the French queen Claude (1499–1524), Duchess of Brittany. Greengages are also called la bonne reine (French for "the good Queen") in France.[8] CultivationGreengages are widely grown in particular in western Europe. The core of their range extends from France to southern England. In Germany, where they are called Reneklode or Ringlotte, numerous cultivars have been developed too. In Poland and the Czech Republic, they are known as ringle, in Hungary as ringló,[9] in Slovakia as ringloty and in Portugal as "Raínha Cláudia". They are widely grown, typically for stewing in syrup to make a compote. In Portugal, however, they make up a delicacy invented by Dominican nuns in the 16th or 17th century (when confined to their convents) in the town of Elvas, where they are boiled in a sugary syrup several times, over the course of several weeks, to then be preserved whole in syrup or dried, coated in sugar and eaten either with a local dessert, "sericaia", made from eggs, sugar, milk, cinnamon and flour or eaten with rich cheeses. At least the green cultivars breed more or less true from seed. Several similar cultivars produced from seedlings are now available; some of these include other plum cultivars in their parentage. Widely grown cultivars include: {{col-begin|width=70%}}{{col-1-of-2}}
CultureThe fruit has inspired a film, The Greengage Summer (called The Loss of Innocence in the USA) which is a 1961 British drama film set in France. It was based on the novel The Greengage Summer (1958) by Rumer Godden. One Monty Python's Flying Circus sketch involved a deranged self-defence instructor (played by John Cleese) whose main hypothetical enemy was fresh fruit. When trying to get him to focus on more menacing foes, his exasperated students began ticking off the fruits they had already bravely battled, including 'greengages, lemons, plums, and mangoes in syrup!' References{{commons category|Prunus domestica subsp. italica}}1. ^{{GRIN | accessdate=22 July 2014}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1283218}}{{Hybrid Prunus}}2. ^{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0199206872|pages=3804}} 3. ^Melinda Smale (Editor) {{Google books|qhs_IVC-Y3wC|Valuing Crop Biodiversity: On-farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change|page=130}} 4. ^1 Andrew F. Smith {{Google books|o7gxBgAAQBAJ|Food and Drink in American History: A "Full Course" Encyclopedia (3 Volumes, 2013)|page=681}} 5. ^{{Cite news |first=Christopher |last=Howse |title=The gooseberry is always greener |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/christopherhowse/3648041/The_gooseberry_is_always_greener/ |publisher=Daily Telegraph |accessdate=16 July 2009}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Fast and Feast|first=Bridget Ann|last=Hensich|page=115|publisher=Penn State Press}} 7. ^(Chambers's 20th Century Dictionary, 1903). 8. ^"Greengage" at Bartleby.com which provides the text from Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898). Accessed 22 January 2007. 9. ^http://szotar.sztaki.hu/en/hungarian-english-dictionary/search?fromlang=hun&tolang=eng&searchWord=ringl%C3%B3&langcode=en&u=0&langprefix=en%2F&searchMode=CONTENT_EXACT&viewMode=full&ignoreAccents=0&dict[]=hun-eng-sztaki-dict 1 : Plum cultivars |
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