“Associators”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Associators were members of 17th- and 18th-century volunteer military associations in the British American thirteen colonies and British Colony of Canada. These were more commonly known as Maryland Protestant, Pennsylvania, and American Patriot and British Loyalist colonial militias. But unlike militias, the associator military volunteers were exempt from regular mandatory military service. Other names used to describe associators were "Associations", "Associated", "Refugees", "Volunteers", and "Partisans".

The term Non-Associators was applied to American colonists who refused to support and sign "military association" charters. They were not affiliated with associators, or would choose instead, to pay a fine and suffer possible retaliation. During the American Revolutionary War, some associator units were said to operate more like, or were in fact loose-knit criminal gangs, taking advantage of the disruption of warfare.

The present-day U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division is nicknamed the "Associators", helping to preserve the volunteer associators' ancestral legacy in Pennsylvania.

Maryland Protestant Associators

Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Associators

During King George's War, Benjamin Franklin, in 1747, wrote and published the pamphlet, "Plain Truth", calling for a voluntary association to defend Philadelphia. This was in line with his earlier formation of volunteer fire-companies. This organization was formed and approved by the Council and the officers would be commissioned by the Council President.^[1] The U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division, nicknamed the "Associators", traces their lineage to these Pennsylvania Associators. In 1755 these groups were re-established in response to Braddock's defeat.^[2]

Associators in American Revolutionary War

American Patriot Associators

State of Connecticut

State of Maryland

State of New York

State of Pennsylvania

In 1776, Pennsylvania, Patriot, volunteer, military groups, in the tradition of earlier, colonial, associator militias, used the name the Pennsylvania Associators and in 1777, were renamed the Pennsylvania State Militia.

British Loyalist Associators

Many Loyalist irregulars who fought with the British in the American Revolutionary War were "associators". These units were sometimes commissioned by the commander in chief but could also be commissioned by the commander of a garrison or a royal colonial governor. They received no pay, and often no uniforms; they were usually issued provisions, but relied on labor or looting to earn money. Loyalist Associators often served in mixed-race units, composed of whites, escaped slaves, and even American Indians.

Perhaps one of the most famous Loyalist associators was Colonel Tye, a former slave and leader of the infamous "Black Brigade". He was the first known black officer in North American military history.

Province of Georgia

Province of Massachusetts

Province of Maryland

Province of New Jersey

Province of New York

Province of Pennsylvania

Province of Rhode Island

Other Loyalist Associators

Notable Associators

See also

References

1. ^¹Newland, Samuel J. The Pennsylvania Militia: Defending the Commonwealth and the nation, 1669-1870, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Military and Veterans Affairs (2002), pp. 36-45
2. ^{{cite book|title=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Volume 26|access-date=February 27, 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sRR_FAZ2_gC&pg=PA358|page=}}
3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=arI0HSFXwLkC&pg=PA420 Jonathan D. Sutherland, African Americans at War, ABC-CLIO, 2003, pp. 420–421, accessed May 4, 2010]
4. ^Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web|url=http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rlist/rlist.htm|title=Loyalist Institute: List of Loyalist Regiments|author=|date=|website=www.royalprovincial.com|access-date=April 1, 2019}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kmilvol/kmvnot1.htm|title=Loyalist Institute: King's Militia Volunteers, Jail Break Notice|author=|date=|website=www.royalprovincial.com|access-date=April 1, 2019}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/booksid=kXDyC76jyisC&pg=PA139&dq=King%E2%80%99s+Militia+Volunteers&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtkNyTz_jVAhXJzIMKHY3OCakQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=King%E2%80%99s%20Militia%20Volunteers&f=false|title=Google Books|author=|date=|website=Google.com|access-date=April 1, 2019}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/hazard/hclist.htm|title=Loyalist Institute: Index to Hazard's Corps of Refugees History|author=|date=|website=www.royalprovincial.com|access-date=April 1, 2019}}
9. ^[https://books.google.com/booksid=24stDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hazard%27s+Corps+of+Refugees&source=gbs_navlinks_s David M. Griffin, Lost British Forts of Long Island. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2017. p. 93.]
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/lrv/lrvlist.htm|title=Loyalist Institute: Index to Loyal Refugee Volunteers History|author=|date=|website=www.royalprovincial.com|access-date=April 1, 2019}}
11. ^Todd Braisted, Thomas Ward and the Loyal Refugee Volunteers at Bergen Neck, 1779-1782. 1999.
12. ^[https://books.google.com/bookid=PA8AQAAMAAJ&dq=Loyal+Refugee+Volunteers&source=gbs_navlinks_s Alexander Fraser, United Empire Loyalists: Enquiry Into the Losses and Services in Consequence of Their Loyalty. Evidence in the Canadian Claims, Ontario. Department of Public Records and Archives. Ottawa, ON: L.K. Cameron, 1905. p. 654–655.]
13. ^James J. Gigantino, The American Revolution in New Jersey: Where the Battlefront Meets the Home Front Rivergate Regionals Collection. Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2015. p. 73, 81, 83, 202, 206.
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/lnassoc/lnalist.htm|title=Loyalist Institute: Index to Loyal Newport Associators History|author=|date=|website=www.royalprovincial.com|access-date=April 1, 2019}}
15. ^[https://books.google.com/booksid=HmUFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286&dq=british+army+arrival+in+newport+rhode+island&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKqZaafLVAhXJTCYKHcBIAWUQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=british%20army%20arrival%20in%20newport%20rhode%20island&f=false Abiel Holmes, The annals of America: from the discovery by Columbus in the year 1492, to the year 1826, Volume 1. Cambridge, UK: Hilliard and Brown, 1829 p. 286.]
16. ^[https://archive.org/details/amloyalists00sabirich Lorenzo Sabine, The American Loyalists; or, Biographical sketches of adherents to the British crown in the war of the revolution; alphabetically arranged; with a preliminary historical essay. Boston: C.C. Little and J. Brown, 1847. pp. 63, 269.]
17. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=fl0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA749&dq=thomas+vernon+loyal+newport+associators&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjk-7ix8_LVAhXI5CYKHfA8DHkQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=thomas%20vernon%20loyal%20newport%20associators&f=false Samuel Greene Arnold, 1701-1790 Volume 2 of History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Providence, RI: Preston & Rounds, 1899. p 749.]
18. ^[https://archive.org/details/descendantsoftho03reed William Field Reed, The Descendants of Thomas Durfee of Portsmouth, R.I., Volume 1. Washington D.C.: Gibson Bros., Printers, 1900 p. 207-208.]
19. ^[https://books.google.com/books/about/Biographical_Sketches_of_Loyalists_of_th.html?id=QjUNAAAAIAAJ Lorenzo Sabine, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution, Volume 3. Carlisle, MA: Applewood Books, 2009. p. 581.]
20. ^[https://books.google.com/books/about/Guide_to_the_Battles_of_the_American_Rev.html?id=KRRSfy7eVoIC Theodore Savas and J. David Dameron, Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution. Savas Beatie LLC, 2006. p. xliii.]
21. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo4wDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT321&dq=loyalists+in+newport&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjanMTH9vLVAhVE5CYKHc1HB6sQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=loyalists%20in%20newport&f=falseThomas N. Ingersoll, The Loyalist Problem in Revolutionary New England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016.]
22. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=uR13CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT37&dq=loyalists+in+newport&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitydTSq_PVAhWKdSYKHfYoBcYQ6AEIWzAJ#v=onepage&q=loyalists%20in%20newport&f=falseChristian M. McBurney, Spies in Revolutionary Rhode Island. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2014.]
23. ^[https://archive.org/details/diaryofthomasver00vern Thomas Vernon, he diary of Thomas Vernon, a loyalist, banished from Newport by the Rhode Island general assembly in 1776. Providence, R.I.: S. S. Rider, 1881.]