| 词条 | Guarapari |
| 释义 |
| name = Guarapari | settlement_type = Municipality | official_name = The Municipality of Guarapari | nickname = "Barra" | motto = | image_skyline = Guarapari skyline.jpg | image_caption = A view of Guarapari | image_seal = | image_flag = BandeiraGuarapari.jpg | image_map = EspiritoSanto Municip Guarapari.svg | image_map1 = | map_caption = Location of Guarapari in the State of Espírito Santo | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} | subdivision_name1 = Southeast | subdivision_name2 = Espírito Santo | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1679 | leader_title = Mayor| | leader_name = Edson Magalhães (PSD) | area_note = [1] | area_total_km2 = 591,815 (2017) | population_note = Estimated population (2018)[1] | population_as_of = 2018 | population_total = 122.982 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = | timezone = UTC-3 | utc_offset = -3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|20|39|S|40|30|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 15 | elevation_ft = | blank_name = HDI (2000) | blank_info = 0.731 – high[2] | website = | footnotes = }} Guarapari is a coastal town of Espírito Santo, Brazil, a popular tourist destination. Its beach is famous for the high natural radioactivity level of its sand. LocationGuarapari is a part of Greater Vitoria, 47 km south of the state capital Vitória. Its population is 121,506 (2016) and its area is 592 km². It is a well-known tourist destination, known for its curving white sand beaches backed by commercial development, which extend southward to Nova Guarapari and Meaípe. With its heavily built-up coastline like Vila Velha and Vitória, it caters heavily to seasonal tourists, and consequently has quite a dramatic seasonal population fluctuation. The municipality contains the {{convert|953|ha}} Concha D'Ostra Sustainable Development Reserve, established in 2003 to protect the mangroves of the Bay of Guarapari.[3] It also contains the {{convert|1500|ha}} Paulo César Vinha State Park, which protects an area of dunes, lagoons and marshes along the Atlantic shore.[4] Formerly called the Setiba nature reserve, it is a pristine example of a coastal ecosystem and important for local turtle and bird populations. HistoryThe municipality has had European presence since 1585 when Jesuit missionaries built a small chapel and dug a well. RadioactivityAlong a roughly 500-mile portion of Brazil's Atlantic coast that runs from north of Rio de Janeiro up to the region south of Bahia, the sands of old beaches are naturally radioactive. Sea waves pound coastal mountains rich in monazite, a phosphate of rare earth metals containing uranium and thorium.[5][7] The background radiation level on some spots on the Guarapari beach read 175 mSv per year (20μSv/h);[6] Some other spots reach 55 μSv/h,[7] while some even reach 131 μSv/hour (1148 mSv/year).[8] To place that in context, the average exposure level across the United States is ~3mSv/year[9] while a chest x-ray is a one time exposure of 0.1 mSv, and an abdominal and pelvic CT scan with and without contrast is 20-30 mSv.[10] In the Guarapari city, radiation levels are far lower: a study among 320 inhabitants showed an average received dose of 0.6 µSv/h, corresponding to 5.2 mSv per year.[11] {{clear left}}References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/es/guarapari.html |title=Guarapari Código: 3202405 |language=pt |work=Cidades e Estados |publisher=IBGE |access-date=2019-03-09}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pnud.org.br/atlas/ranking/IDH-M%2091%2000%20Ranking%20decrescente%20%28pelos%20dados%20de%202000%29.htm |trans-title=Human Development Index - Municipal, 1991 and 2000 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003103229/http://www.pnud.org.br/atlas/ranking/IDH-M%2091%2000%20Ranking%20decrescente%20%28pelos%20dados%20de%202000%29.htm |title=Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano - Municipal, 1991 e 2000 |publisher=UNDP |archive-date=2009-10-03 |language=Portuguese }} 3. ^{{cite web |title=RDS de Concha D'Ostra |language=pt |publisher=IEMA: Instituto Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos |url=http://www.meioambiente.es.gov.br/default.asp?pagina=16701 |accessdate=2016-10-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028083720/http://www.meioambiente.es.gov.br/default.asp?pagina=16701 |archivedate=2016-10-28|df=}} 4. ^{{cite web |title=Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha |language=pt |publisher=IEMA: Instituto Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos |url=http://www.meioambiente.es.gov.br/default.asp?pagina=16712 |accessdate=2016-10-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026232344/http://www.meioambiente.es.gov.br/default.asp?pagina=16712 |archivedate=2016-10-26|df=}} 5. ^{{cite web |publisher=Industrias Nucleares do Brasil |url=http://www.inb.gov.br/eng/WebForms/Imprimir.aspx?campo=252&secao_id=106 |title=Heavy Minerals |accessdate=2012-08-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121127045933/http://www.inb.gov.br/eng/WebForms/Imprimir.aspx?campo=252&secao_id=106 |archivedate=2012-11-27 |df= }} 6. ^{{Cite journal| issn = 0001-3765| volume = 53| issue = 4| pages = 683–691| last1 = Pfeiffer| first1 = W. C.| last2 = Penna-Franca| first2 = E.| last3 = Ribeiro| first3 = C. C.| last4 = Nogueira| first4 = A. R.| last5 = Londres| first5 = H.| last6 = Oliveira| first6 = A. E.| title = Measurements of environmental radiation exposure dose rates at selected sites in Brazil| journal = Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências| date = December 1981| pmid = 7345962}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvgAx1yIKjg&t=48s |type=Video |title=Brazil 2012: sunbathing on radioactive beaches |at=at 50s |via=YouTube}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |publisher=Health Research Foundation |location=Japan |url=http://www.taishitsu.or.jp/radiation/guarapari-e.html |title=High natural background radiation areas – Guarapari, Brazil}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=Relative Radioactivity Levels |url=https://radwatch.berkeley.edu/dosenet/levels |website=Berkeley RadWatch |publisher=UC Berkeley |accessdate=18 October 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=Radiation Sources and Doses |url=https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-sources-and-doses |website=Radiation Protection |publisher=EPA |language=en}} 11. ^{{cite web |author1=N. Fujinami |author2=T. Koga |author3=H. Morishima |publisher=International Radiation Protection Association |url=http://www.irpa.net/irpa10/cdrom/00490.pdf |title=External Exposure Rates from Terrestrial Radiation at Guarapari and Meaipe in Brazil}} External links
2 : Municipalities in Espírito Santo|Populated coastal places in Espírito Santo |
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