“Gus Grissom”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom (April 3, 1926 – January 27, 1967) was one of the seven original National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Project Mercury astronauts, and the first of the Mercury Seven to die. He was also a Project Gemini and an Apollo program astronaut. Grissom was the second American to fly in space, and the first member of the NASA Astronaut Corps to fly in space twice. In addition, Grissom was a World War II and Korean War veteran, U.S. Air Force test pilot, and a mechanical engineer. He was a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Air Medal with an oak leaf cluster, a two-time recipient of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, and, posthumously, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

During World War II, Grissom enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Forces as an aviation cadet. After his discharge from military service, Grissom enrolled at Purdue University, graduating with a bachelor's in mechanical engineering in 1950. He reenlisted in the U.S. Air Force, earning his pilot's wings in 1951, and flew 100 combat missions during the Korean War. After returning to the United States, Grissom was reassigned to work as a flight instructor at Bryan Air Force Base in Texas. He attended the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology for a year, earning a bachelor's degree in aeromechanics, and received his test pilot training at Edwards Air Force Base in California before his assignment as a test pilot at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio.

Selected as one of the Mercury Seven astronauts, Grissom was the pilot of Mercury-Redstone 4 (Liberty Bell 7), the second American suborbital flight, on July 21, 1961. At the end of the flight, the capsule's hatch blew off prematurely after it landed in the Atlantic Ocean. Grissom was picked up by recovery helicopters, but the blown hatch caused the craft to fill with water and sink. His next flight was in the Project Gemini program as command pilot for Gemini 3 (Molly Brown), which was a successful three-orbit mission on March 23, 1965. Grissom, commander of AS-204 (Apollo 1), along with his fellow astronauts Ed White and Roger B. Chaffee, died on January 27, 1967, during a pre-launch test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Kennedy, Florida.

Biography

Early life and education

Virgil Ivan Grissom was born in the small town of Mitchell, Indiana, on April 3, 1926,{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=88}} to Dennis David Grissom, a signalman for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and Cecile King Grissom, a homemaker. Virgil was the family's second child (an older sister died in infancy shortly before his birth). He was followed by three younger siblings: a sister, Wilma, and two brothers, Norman and Lowell.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=39–40}} Grissom started school at Riley grade school. His interest in flying began in that time, building model airplanes.{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=88}} He received his nickname when his friend was reading his name on a scorecard upside down and misread "Griss" for "Gus".{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=88}}

As a youth Grissom attended the local Church of Christ, where he remained a lifelong member. He joined the local Boy Scout Troop and earned the rank of Star Scout.^[1] Grissom credited the Scouts for his love of hunting and fishing. He was the leader of the Honor Guard in his Troop.{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=89}} His first jobs were delivering newspapers for The Indianapolis Star in the morning and the Bedford Times in the evening.{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=88}} In the summer he picked fruit in area orchards and worked at a dry-goods store.{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=89}} He also worked at a local meat market, a service station, and a clothing store in Mitchell.

Grissom started attending Mitchell High School in 1940.{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=89}} He wanted to play varsity basketball but he was too short. His father encouraged him to find sports he was more suited for, and he joined the swimming team.{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=89}} Although he excelled at mathematics, Grissom was an average high school student in other subjects.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=42–43}} He graduated from high school in 1944.

In addition, Grissom occasionally spent time at a local airport in Bedford, Indiana, where he first became interested in aviation. A local attorney who owned a small plane would take him on flights and taught him the basics of flying.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|p=47}}

Marriage and family

Grissom met and befriended Betty Lavonne Moore (1927–2018),^[2] his future wife, through their extracurricular activities in high school. Grissom carried the American flag at the opening ceremonies of high school basketball games, while Moore played the drum in the high school band.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=44–45}} At a game during Betty's freshman year, they noticed their mutual attraction to each other and Grissom sat with her at halftime. They went on many movie dates. Grissom's father allowed him to use the family car, even though there were rations due to the war. Grissom used the car to teach Betty how to drive.{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=89}}

Grissom married Moore on July 6, 1945, at the First Baptist Church in Mitchell when he was home on leave at the end of World War II. Grissom' brother, Norman, served as his best man; Moore's sister, Mary Lou Fosbrink, was her maid of honor.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|p=50}} Grissom and his wife, Betty, had two sons: Scott, born in 1950, and Mark, born in 1953.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=59,68}}^[3] Both sons graduated from Purdue University and eventually had aviation-related careers.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|p=335}}

Grissom "greatly valued being home with his family, stating that 'it sure helped to spend a quiet evening with your wife and children in your own living room'".^[4]

Grissom "refused to let work problems intrude on his time at home, and tried to complete technical reading or paperwork after the boys were asleep," while Betty Grissom "accommodated his hectic schedule by completing major chores and errands during the week so weekends would be free for family activities."^[4] Two of Grissom's favorite pastimes were hunting and fishing, to which he introduced his sons. The family also enjoyed water sports and skiing.^[4]

World War II military service

World War II began while Grissom was still in high school, but he was eager to join the military upon graduation. Grissom enlisted as an aviation cadet in the U.S. Army Air Forces during his senior year in high school, and completed an entrance exam in November 1943. Grissom was inducted into the U.S. Army Air Forces on August 8, 1944, at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. He was sent to Sheppard Field in Wichita Falls, Texas, for five weeks of basic flight training, and was later stationed at Brooks Field in San Antonio, Texas. In January 1945 Grissom was assigned to Boca Raton Army Airfield in Florida. Although he was interested in becoming a pilot, most of Grissom's time before his discharge in 1945 was spent as a clerk.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=48–49}}

Postwar civilian employment

Grissom was discharged from military service in November 1945, after the war had ended, and returned to Mitchell, where he took a job at Carpenter Body Works, a local bus manufacturing business. Grissom was determined to make his career in aviation and attend college. Using the G.I. Bill for partial payment of his school tuition, Grissom enrolled at Purdue University in September 1946.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=50–53}}

Due to a shortage of campus housing during her husband's first semester in college in West Lafayette, Indiana, Grissom's wife, Betty, stayed in Mitchell living with her parents, while Grissom lived in a rented apartment with another male student. Betty Grissom joined her husband on campus during his second semester, and the couple settled into a small, one-bedroom apartment. Grissom continued his studies at Purdue, worked part-time as a cook at a local restaurant, and took summer classes in order to finish college early, while his wife worked the night shift as a long-distance operator for the Indiana Bell Telephone Company to help pay for his schooling and their living expenses. Grissom graduated from Purdue with a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in February 1950.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=55–57}}

Korean War military career

Grissom re-enlisted in the military after he graduated from Purdue, this time in the newly formed U.S. Air Force. He was accepted into the air cadet basic training program at Randolph Air Force Base in Universal City, Texas. Upon completion of the program, he was assigned to Williams Air Force Base in Mesa, Arizona, where his wife, Betty, and infant son, Scott, joined him, but the family remained there only briefly. In March 1951 Grissom received his pilot wings and a commission as a second lieutenant. Nine months later, in December 1951, Grissom and his family moved into new living quarters in Presque Isle, Maine, where he was assigned to Presque Isle Air Force Base and became a member of the 75th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=57–60}}

With the ongoing Korean War, Grissom's squadron was dispatched to the war zone in February 1952. There he flew as an F-86 Sabre replacement pilot and was reassigned to the 334th Fighter Squadron of the 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing stationed at Kimpo Air Base.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|p=63}} He flew one hundred combat missions during approximately six months of service in Korea, including multiple occasions when he broke up air raids from North Korean MiGs. On March 11, 1952, Grissom was promoted to first lieutenant and was cited for his "superlative airmanship" for his actions on March 23, 1952, when he flew cover for a photo reconnaissance mission.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=63–68}} Grissom was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal with an oak leaf cluster for his military service in Korea.{{sfn|Burgess|2014|p=59}}

After flying his quota of one hundred missions, Grissom asked to remain in Korea to fly another twenty-five flights, but his request was denied. Grissom returned to the United States to serve as a flight instructor at Bryan AFB in Bryan, Texas, where he was joined by his wife, Betty, and son, Scott. The Grissoms' second child, Mark, was born there in 1953. Grissom soon learned that flight instructors faced their own set of on-the-job risks. During a training exercise with a cadet, the trainee pilot caused a flap to break off from their two-seat trainer, sending it into a roll. Grissom quickly climbed from the rear seat of the small aircraft to take over the controls and safely land it.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=68–69}}

In August 1955, Grissom was reassigned to the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. After completing the year-long course he earned a bachelor's degree in aeromechanics in 1956.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|p=71}} In October 1956, he entered USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in California, and returned to Wright-Patterson AFB in Ohio in May 1957, after attaining the rank of captain. Grissom served as a test pilot assigned to the fighter branch.^[5]^[6]{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=72–74}}

NASA career

In 1959 Grissom received an official teletype message instructing him to report to an address in Washington, D.C., wearing civilian clothes. The message was classified "Top Secret" and Grissom was ordered not to discuss its contents with anyone. Of the 508 military candidates who were considered, he was one of 110 test pilots whose credentials had earned them an invitation to learn more about the U.S. space program in general and its Project Mercury. Grissom was intrigued by the program, but knew that competition for the final spots would be fierce.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=88–91}}^[7]

Grissom passed the initial screening in Washington, D.C., and was among the thirty-nine candidates sent to the Lovelace Clinic in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and the Aeromedical Laboratory of the Wright Air Development Center in Dayton, Ohio, to undergo extensive physical and psychological testing. He was nearly disqualified when doctors discovered that he suffered from hay fever, but was permitted to continue after he argued that his allergies would not be a problem due to the absence of ragweed pollen in space.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=92–93}}

On April 13, 1959, Grissom received official notification that he had been selected as one of the seven Project Mercury astronauts. Grissom and the six other men, after taking a leave of absence from their respective branches of the military service, reported to the Special Task Group at Langley Air Force Base in Virginia on April 27, 1959, to begin their astronaut training.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|p=117}}^[8]^[9]

Project Mercury

On July 21, 1961, Grissom was pilot of the second Project Mercury flight, Mercury-Redstone 4. Grissom's spacecraft, which he named Liberty Bell 7, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, a sub-orbital flight that lasted 15 minutes and 37 seconds.^[6]^[7] After splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean, the Liberty Bell 7{{'}}s emergency explosive bolts unexpectedly fired, blowing off the hatch and causing water to flood into the spacecraft. Grissom quickly exited through the open hatch and into the ocean. While waiting for recovery helicopters from {{USS|Randolph|CV-15|6}} to pick him up, Grissom struggled to keep from drowning after his spacesuit began losing buoyancy due to an open air inlet. Grissom managed to stay afloat until he was pulled from the water by a helicopter and taken to the U.S. Navy ship. In the meantime another recovery helicopter tried to lift and retrieve the Liberty Bell 7, but the flooding spacecraft became too heavy, forcing the recovery crew to cut it loose, and it ultimately sank.^[7]

When reporters at a news conference surrounded Grissom after his space flight to ask how he felt, Grissom replied, "Well, I was scared a good portion of the time; I guess that's a pretty good indication."^[10] Grissom stated he had done nothing to cause the hatch to blow, and no definitive explanation for the incident was found.^[7]^[11] Robert F. Thompson, Director of Mercury Operations, was dispatched to {{USS|Randolph|CV-15|6}} by Space Task Group Director Robert Gilruth and spoke with Grissom upon his arrival on the aircraft carrier. Grissom explained that he had gotten ahead in the mission timeline and had removed the detonator cap, and also pulled the safety pin. Once the pin was removed, the trigger was no longer held in place and could have inadvertently fired as a result of ocean wave action, bobbing as a result of helicopter rotor wash, or other activity. NASA officials concluded Grissom had not necessarily initiated the firing of the explosive hatch, which would have required pressing a plunger that required five pounds of force to depress.^[12] Initiating the explosive egress system called for pushing, or hitting, a metal trigger with the hand, which would have left an unavoidably large obvious bruise,{{sfn|French|Burgess|2007|p=93}} but Grissom was found not to have any of the telltale hand bruising.^[7]

While the debate continued about the premature detonation of Liberty Bell 7s hatch bolts, precautions were initiated for subsequent flights. Fellow Mercury astronaut Wally Schirra, at the end of his October 3, 1962, flight, remained inside his spacecraft until it was safely aboard the recovery ship, and made a point of deliberately blowing the hatch to get out of the spacecraft, bruising his hand.^[7]^[13]

Grissom's spacecraft was recovered in 1999, but no further evidence was found that could conclusively explain how the explosive hatch release had occurred. Later, Guenter Wendt, pad leader for the early American manned space launches, wrote that he believed a small cover over the external release actuator was accidentally lost sometime during the flight or splashdown. Another possible explanation was that the hatch's T-handle may have been tugged by a stray parachute suspension line, or was perhaps damaged by the heat of re-entry, and after cooling upon splashdown it contracted and caught fire.^[8]^[14]

Project Gemini

In early 1964 Alan Shepard was grounded after being diagnosed with Ménière's disease and Grissom was designated command pilot for Gemini 3, the first manned Project Gemini flight, which flew on March 23, 1965.^[7] This mission made Grissom the first NASA astronaut to fly into space twice.^[15] The two-man flight on Gemini 3 with Grissom and John W. Young made three revolutions of the Earth and lasted for 4 hours, 52 minutes and 31 seconds.^[16] Grissom was one of the eight pilots of the NASA paraglider research vehicle.^[17]

Grissom, the shortest of the original seven astronauts at five feet seven inches tall, worked very closely with the engineers and technicians from McDonnell Aircraft who built the Gemini spacecraft. Because of his involvement in the design of the first three spacecraft, his fellow astronauts humorously referred to the craft as "the Gusmobile". By July 1963 NASA discovered 14 out of its 16 astronauts could not fit themselves into the cabin and the later cockpits were modified.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|p=100}}^[18] During this time Grissom invented the multi-axis translation thruster controller used to push the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft in linear directions for rendezvous and docking.^[19]

In a joking nod to the sinking of his Mercury craft, Grissom named the first Gemini spacecraft Molly Brown (after the popular Broadway show, The Unsinkable Molly Brown).^[7] Some NASA publicity officials were unhappy with this name and asked Grissom and his pilot, John Young, to come up with a new one. When they offered Titanic as an alternate,^[7] NASA executives decided to allow them to use the name of Molly Brown for Gemini 3, but did not use it in official references. Much to the agency's chagrin, CAPCOM Gordon Cooper gave Gemini 3 its sendoff on launch with the remark to Grissom and Young, "You're on your way, Molly Brown!" Ground controllers also used it to reference the spacecraft throughout its flight.{{sfn|Shayler|2001|p=186}}

After the safe return of Gemini 3, NASA announced new spacecraft would not be nicknamed. Hence, Gemini 4 was not called American Eagle as its crew had planned. The practice of nicknaming spacecraft resumed in 1967, when managers realized that the Apollo flights needed a name for each of two flight elements, the Command Module (CSM) and the Lunar Module. Lobbying by the astronauts and senior NASA administrators also had an effect. Apollo 9 used the name Gumdrop for the Command Module and Spider for the Lunar Module.{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=138–139}} However, Wally Schirra was prevented from naming his Apollo 7 spacecraft Phoenix in honor of the Apollo 1 crew because some believed that its nickname as a metaphor for "fire" might be misunderstood.^[20]

Apollo program

Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he was transferred to the Apollo program and was assigned as commander of the first manned mission, AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White, who had flown in space on the Gemini 4 mission when he became the first American to make a spacewalk, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee.^[7] The three men were granted permission to refer to their flight as "Apollo 1" on their mission insignia patch.

Problems with the simulator proved extremely annoying to Grissom, who told a reporter the problems with Apollo 1 came "in bushelfuls" and that he was skeptical of its chances to complete its fourteen-day mission.{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|p=293}} Grissom got the nickname "Gruff Gus" due to being outspoken about the technical deficiencies of the spacecraft.{{sfn|Burgess|Doolan|Vis|2008|p=82}} The engineers who programmed the Apollo training simulator had a difficult time keeping the simulator in sync with the continuous changes being made to the spacecraft. According to backup astronaut Walter Cunningham, "We knew that the spacecraft was, you know, in poor shape relative to what it ought to be. We felt like we could fly it, but let's face it, it just wasn't as good as it should have been for the job of flying the first manned Apollo mission."^[7]

NASA pressed on. In mid-January 1967, "preparations were being made for the final pre-flight tests of Spacecraft 012."^[7] On January 22, 1967, before returning to Cape Kennedy to conduct the January 27 plugs-out test that ended his life, Grissom's wife, Betty, later recalled that he took a lemon from a tree in his back yard and explained that he intended to hang it on that spacecraft, although he actually hung the lemon on the simulator (a duplicate of the Apollo spacecraft).{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|p=290}}^[22]

Death and legacy

Before Apollo 1's planned launch on February 21, 1967, the Command Module interior caught fire and burned on January 27, 1967, during a pre-launch test on Launch Pad 34 at Cape Kennedy. Astronauts Grissom, White, and Chaffee, who were working inside the Command Module, were asphyxiated. The fire's ignition source was never determined, but their deaths were attributed to a wide range of lethal hazards in the early CSM design and conditions of the test, including a pressurized 100 percent oxygen prelaunch atmosphere, wiring and plumbing flaws, flammable materials used in the cockpit and in the astronauts' flight suits, and an inward-opening hatch that could not be opened quickly in an emergency and not at all with full internal pressure.^[23]

Grissom's funeral services and burial at Arlington National Cemetery were held on January 31, 1967. Dignitaries in attendance included President Lyndon B. Johnson, members of the U.S. Congress, and fellow NASA astronauts, among others. Grissom's remains are buried at Arlington National Cemetery, beside Roger Chaffee's remains, which are interred in plot number 2502-F. White's remains are interred at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York.^[24]{{sfn|Boomhower|2004|pp=315–317}}

After the accident, NASA decided to give the flight the official designation of Apollo 1 and skip to Apollo 4 for the first unmanned orbital test of the CSM, counting the two unmanned suborbital tests, AS-201 and 202, as part of the sequence. The Apollo spacecraft problems were corrected, with Apollo 7, commanded by Wally Schirra, launched on October 11, 1968, more than a year after the Apollo 1 accident. The Apollo program reached its objective of successfully landing men on the Moon on July 20, 1969, with Apollo 11.^[25]^[26]

At the time of his death, Grissom had attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and had logged a total of 4,600 hours flying time, including 3,500 hours in jet airplanes.^[6] Some contend that Grissom could have been selected as one of the astronauts to walk on the Moon. "Deke" Slayton wrote that he had hoped for one of the original Mercury astronauts to go to the Moon, noting: "It wasn't just a cut-and-dried decision as to who should make the first steps on the Moon. If I had to select on that basis, my first choice would have been Gus, which both Chris Kraft and Bob Gilruth seconded."{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|p=223}} Ultimately, Alan Shepard, one of the original seven NASA astronauts, would receive the honor of commanding the Apollo 14 lunar landing.{{sfn|Slayton|Cassutt|1994|pp=235–237}}

Liberty Bell 7 spacesuit controversy

When the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame opened in 1990, his family lent it the spacesuit worn by Grissom during Mercury 4 along with other personal artifacts belonging to the astronaut. In 2002, the museum went into bankruptcy and was taken over by a NASA contractor, whereupon the family asked for everything back.^[27] All the artifacts were returned to them except the spacesuit, which NASA claimed was government property.^[28] NASA insisted Grissom got authorization to use the spacesuit for a show and tell at his son's school and never returned it, but some Grissom family members claimed the astronaut rescued the spacesuit from a scrap heap.^[29] {{as of|December 2016|post=,}} the space suit remains in the Hall of Fame's Heroes and Legends exhibit.^[30]

Awards and honors

To celebrate his spaceflight in 1961, Grissom was made honorary Mayor of Newport News, Virginia and a new library was dubbed the Virgil I. Grissom Library in the Denbigh section of Newport News, Virginia^[32]

The airport in Bedford, Indiana, where Grissom flew as a teenager was renamed Virgil I. Grissom Municipal Airport in 1965. A three-ton piece of limestone, inscribed with his name, was unveiled at the airport. His fellow astronauts ribbed him about the name, saying that airports were normally named for dead aviators. Grissom replied, "But this time they've named one for a live one."^[33] Virgil Grissom Elementary School in Old Bridge, New Jersey, which was named for Grissom the year before his death.^[34] His death forced the cancellation of a student project to design a flag to represent Grissom and their school, which would have flown on the mission.^[35]

Grissom was granted an honorary doctorate from Florida Institute of Technology in 1962, the first ever awarded by the university.^[36] Grissom was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1981,^[37]^[38] the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1987,^[39] and the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990.^[40]

Memorials

The dismantled Launch Pad 34 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station bears two memorial plaques.^[42] Also at the Kennedy Space Center, there is a memorial exhibit honoring the Apollo 1 crew in the Apollo/Saturn V Center that includes artifacts and personal mementos of Grissom, Chaffee, and White. Grissom's name is included on the plaque left on the Moon with the Fallen Astronaut statue in 1971 by the crew of Apollo 15.^[43]

The Grissom Memorial, a {{convert|44|ft|m|adj=on}} tall limestone monument representing the Redstone rocket and his Mercury space capsule was dedicated in downtown Mitchell, Indiana, in 1981.{{sfn|Taylor Jr.|Stevens|Ponder|Brockman|1989|pp=335–336}} The Virgil I. Grissom Memorial in Spring Mill State Park, near Grissom's hometown of Mitchell, Indiana, was dedicated in 1971, the tenth anniversary of his Mercury flight.{{sfn|Taylor Jr.|Stevens|Ponder|Brockman|1989|pp=335–336}}^[44] The governor declared it a state holiday for the second year in a row.^[45] The Gus Grissom Stakes, a thoroughbred horse race run in Indiana each fall; originally held at Hoosier Park in Anderson, it was moved to Indiana Grand Race Course in Shelbyville in 2014.{{sfn|Burgess|2014|p=264}}

Grissom Island is an artificial island off of Long Beach, California, created in 1966 for drilling oil (along with White, Chaffee and Freeman Islands).^[46]^[47] Virgil "Gus" Grissom Park opened in 1971 in Fullerton, California. His widow and son were invited to the dedication ceremony and planted the first large tree in the park.^[48] Grissom is named with his Apollo 1 crewmates on the Space Mirror Memorial, which was dedicated in 1991. His son, Gary Grissom, said, "When I was younger, I thought NASA would do something. It's a shame it has taken this long".^[49]^[50]

Bunker Hill Air Force Base in Peru, Indiana, was renamed on May 12, 1968, to Grissom Air Force Base. During the dedication ceremony, his son said, "Of all the honors he won, none would please him more than this one today."^[59] In 1994, it was again renamed to Grissom Air Reserve Base following the USAF's realignment program.^[60] The three-letter identifier of the VHF Omni Directional Radio Range (VOR) located at Grissom Air Reserve Base is GUS. In 2000, classes of the United States Air Force Academy began selecting a Class Exemplar who embodies the type of person they strive to be. The class of 2007 selected Grissom.^[61] An academic building was renamed Grissom Hall in 1968 at the former Chanute Air Force Base, Rantoul, Illinois, where Minuteman missile maintenance training was conducted. It was one of five buildings renamed for deceased Air Force personnel.^[62]^[63]

The Virgil I. Grissom Museum, dedicated in 1971 by Governor Edgar Whitcomb,^[64] is located just inside the entrance to Spring Mill State Park in Mitchell, Indiana.^[65] The Molly Brown was transferred to be displayed in the museum in 1974.^[66] His boyhood home in Mitchell, Indiana, is located on Grissom Avenue. The street was renamed in his honor after his Mercury flight.^[67]^[68]

Schools

Virgil I. Grissom Elementary School was built in Houston, Texas in 1967.^[73] Virgil Grissom Elementary School in Princeton, Iowa was one of four schools in Iowa named after astronauts in late 1967.^[74]^[75] Grissom's family members attended the 1968 dedication of Virgil I. Grissom Middle School in Mishawaka, Indiana.^[76] Devault Elementary School in Gary, Indiana, was renamed Grissom Elementary School in 1969 after Devault was convicted of conspiring to forge purchase orders.^[77] Virgil I. Grissom Middle School was dedicated in November 1969 in Sterling Heights, Michigan.^[78] Virgil I. Grissom High School was built in 1969 in Huntsville, Alabama.^[79] The school board in the Hegewisch community of Chicago, Illinois, voted to name their new school under construction Virgil I. Grissom Elementary School in March 1969.^[80] Grissom Elementary School in Tulsa, Oklahoma was founded in 1969^[81]^[82] and dedicated by Betty Grissom in 1970.^[83] Grissom Memorial Elementary School was dedicated in 1973 in Muncie, Indiana.^[84] Virgil I. Grissom Middle School was founded in Tinley Park, Illinois, in 1975.^[85] V. I. Grissom Elementary School, at the closed Clark Air Base, Philippines, was severely damaged by a volcano in 1991.^[86]

Film and television

Grissom has been noted and remembered in many film and television productions. Before he became widely known as an astronaut, the film Air Cadet (1951) starring Richard Long and Rock Hudson briefly featured Grissom early in the movie as a U.S. Air Force candidate for flight school at Randolph Field, San Antonio, Texas.^[87] Grissom was depicted by Fred Ward in the film The Right Stuff (1983)^[88] and (very briefly) in the film Apollo 13 (1995) by Steve Bernie.^[89]{{rp|43}} He was portrayed in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon (1998) by Mark Rolston.{{sfn|Vito|Tropea|2010|p=195}} Actor Kevin McCorkle played Grissom in the third-season finale of the NBC television show American Dreams.^[90] Bryan Cranston played Grissom as a variety-show guest in the film That Thing You Do!^[91]^[92] Actor Joel Johnstone portrays Gus Grissom in the 2015 ABC TV series The Astronaut Wives Club.^[93]

In the 1984 film The Search for Spock, the Federation starship {{USS|Grissom}} is named for Grissom.^[94] Another USS Grissom was featured in a 1990 episode of the TV series The Next Generation,^[95] and was mentioned in a 1999 episode of Deep Space Nine.^[96] The character Gil Grissom in the CBS television series Crime Scene Investigation and the character Virgil Tracy in the British television series Thunderbirds are also named after the astronaut.{{sfn|Burgess|2015|p=232}}^[97] NASA footage, including Grissom's Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions, was released in high definition on the Discovery Channel in June 2008 in the television series The NASA Missions.^[8] In 2018, he is portrayed by Shea Whigham in First Man.^[98]

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/scouting_space.aspx|accessdate=June 25, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032406/http://www.scouting.org/about/factsheets/scouting_space.aspx |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |title=Scouting and Space Exploration |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/d90d71139414422e94774fb83ec167ec|title=Betty Grissom, widow of astronaut Virgil 'Gus' Grissom, dies|last=Callahan|first=Rick|date=October 10, 2018|agency=Associated Press|access-date=January 26, 2019}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautmemorial.net/grissom.htm |title=In Memoriam – Lt. Col. Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom (USAF) |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723225211/http://astronautmemorial.net/grissom.htm |archivedate=July 23, 2014 }}
4. ^¹²{{cite web|title=40th Anniversary of Mercury 7: Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom|publisher=NASA|url=https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/grissom.htm|accessdate=July 11, 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web|work=U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame |url=http://www.astronautscholarship.org/grissom.html |title=Astronaut Biographies: Virgil I. (Gus) Grissom |accessdate=January 23, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008201355/http://www.astronautscholarship.org/grissom.html |archivedate=October 8, 2007 }}
6. ^¹²³{{cite web |work=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/grissom-vi.html |title=Astronaut Bio: Virgil I. Grissom |accessdate=June 11, 2008}}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/grissom.htm|title=Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew – Gus Grissom|website=NASA History Program Office|access-date=February 21, 2017|last=White|first=Mary}}
8. ^¹²Discovery Channel, The NASA Missions, "Ordinary Supermen," airdate June 8, 2008 (season 1)
9. ^{{cite web|last=Zornio|first=Mary C.|title=Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom|url=https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/grissom.htm|website=NASA History Program Office|accessdate=November 16, 2014}}
10. ^{{cite news |publisher=UPI.com |work=Year in Review |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1961/U.S.-in-Space/ |title=U.S. in Space |accessdate=2015-07-12}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/dec/12/news/mn-43115|title=Liberty Bell 7 Yields Clues to Its Sinking|publisher=Los Angeles Times|access-date=January 29, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327181316/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/dec/12/news/mn-43115|archivedate=March 27, 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/11/with-every-splashdown-nasa-embraces-the-legacy-of-gus-grissom/|title=Gus Grissom taught NASA a hard lesson: 'You can hurt yourself in the ocean'|last=Berger|first=Eric|date=November 8, 2016|access-date=March 26, 2017|publisher=Ars Technica}}
13. ^{{cite book |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19670005605 |title=This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury |year=1966 |author1=Alexander, C. C. |author2=Grimwood, J. M. |author3=Swenson, L. S. Jr. |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2009-08-23 |page=484 |chapter=Chapter14: Climax of Project Mercury-The Textbook Flight}} ([https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/ch14-4.htm HTML copy] Retrieved 2015-07-12)
14. ^{{cite news |last=Banke |first=Jim |publisher=Space.com|title=Gus Grissom didn't sink the Liberty Bell 7 Mercury capsule |url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/missions/liberty_bell_000617.html |date=June 17, 2000 |accessdate=December 26, 2008}}
15. ^The first person to reach space twice was Joseph A. Walker, a NASA test pilot who made two X-15 flights in 1963 which exceeded {{convert|100|km|nmi|sp=us}} altitude, the internationally recognized definition of outer space.
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautsmemorial.org/virgil-ldquogusrdquo-grissom-honored.html|title=Virgil "Gus" Grissom Honored|publisher=Astronaut Memorial Foundation|access-date=May 4, 2017}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Photo/Paresev/HTML/index.html|title=Photo Paresev Contact Sheet|access-date=November 28, 2016|website=NASA Dryden Flight Research Center}}
18. ^{{cite book |title=On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/ch10-2.htm |first=Barton C. |last=Hacker |author2=James M. Grimwood |year=1977 |accessdate=January 23, 2008 |publisher=NASA Special Publications |series=NASA History Series #4203}}
19. ^{{Citation | last = Agle | first = D.C. | title = Flying the Gusmobile | journal = Air & Space | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = September 1, 1998 | origyear = | language = | url = http://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/mobile.html}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-101514a-apollo7-phoenix-mission-patch.html|title=Alternate Apollo 7: Astronaut's anniversary patch recalls 'Flight of the Phoenix'|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=collectSPACE}}
21. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2610tothemoon.html | title=To the Moon Transcript | accessdate=April 3, 2011 | date=July 13, 1999 | work=NOVA | publisher=PBS}}
22. ^{{cite book|title=Chariots for Apollo|authors=Brooks, Grimwood, Swenson|year=1979|accessdate=2016-04-22|chapter=Preparations for the First Manned Apollo Mission|chapterurl = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch8-7.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080209003722/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/contents.html| archivedate=February 9, 2008| deadurl= no}}
23. ^{{cite web |publisher=NASA |work=Report of Apollo 204 Review Board |title=Findings, Determinations And Recommendations |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollo204/find.html |quote=No single ignition source of the fire was conclusively identified. |date=April 5, 1967}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/grissom.htm|title=Virgil Ivan Grissom : Lieutenant Colonel, United States Air Force|website=Arlington National Cemetery Website|access-date=January 29, 2017}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo1info.html|title=The Apollo 1 Tragedy|publisher=NASA|access-date=April 16, 2017}}
26. ^{{cite web |author=Dunbar, Brian |title=Apollo 7 |publisher=NASA |date=January 9, 2018|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo7.html|accessdate=July 9, 2018}} See also: {{cite web |title=Apollo 11 Mission Summary |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |work=The Apollo Program |url=http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/as11/a11sum.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829082429/http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/as11/a11sum.htm |archivedate=August 29, 2013 |accessdate=July 9, 2018}}
27. ^{{cite news|last=Kelly |first=John |url=http://www.space.com/news/grissom_spacesuit_021120.html |title=Gus Grissom's Family, NASA Fight Over Spacesuit |work=Florida Today |date=November 20, 2002 |accessdate=May 27, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521023905/http://www.space.com/news/grissom_spacesuit_021120.html |archivedate=May 21, 2008 }}
28. ^{{cite news|work=RoadsideAmerica.com |url=http://www.roadsideamerica.com/tnews/NewsItemDisplay.php?Tip_AttrId==7014 |title=Luckless Gus Grissom in the hot seat again |date=November 24, 2002 |accessdate=May 4, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181620/http://www.roadsideamerica.com/tnews/NewsItemDisplay.php?Tip_AttrId=%3D7014 |archivedate=September 30, 2007 |df= }}
29. ^{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Christopher |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/23/AR2005082301204_pf.html |title=Grissom Spacesuit in Tug of War |work=The Washington Post |date=August 24, 2005 |accessdate=May 27, 2007}}
30. ^{{cite news |last=Cauley |first=H. M. |title=Kennedy Space Center offers new Heroes and Legends hall, much more |url=http://www.ajc.com/travel/kennedy-space-center-offers-new-heroes-and-legends-hall-much-more/mYIXMsuE129SwIy6D6amjI/ |accessdate=April 17, 2017 |work=Atlanta Journal Constitution |date=December 8, 2016}}
31. ^{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1963: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics |year=1963 |publisher=U.S. House of Representatives, 89th Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1963.pdf}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28881594/daily_press/|title=Astronaut Grissom is Honorary Mayor, Library Gets Name|newspaper=Daily Press|location=Newport News, Virginia|date=July 25, 1961|page=3|via=Newspapers.com|last=Greiff|first=John B.}}
33. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28881853/the_indianapolis_star/|title=Bedford Airpor Named in Honor of Grissom|last=Snapp|first=Raymond|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|date=November 20, 1965|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}
34. ^{{cite web |work=Old Bridge Township Public Schools |url=http://www.oldbridgeschools.org/grissom/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010603233303/http://www.oldbridgeschools.org/grissom/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=June 3, 2001 |title=Welcome to Virgil Grissom Elementary School |accessdate=January 23, 2008}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28953803/the_central_new_jersey_home_news/|title=Madison Schools: Living Memorials|newspaper=The Central New Jersey Home News |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|date=January 28, 1967|page=1|last=Heffernan|first=William|via=Newspapers.com}}
36. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27580117/florida_today/|title=1st Astronaut Doctorate Given Locally|last=Salamon|first=Milt|date=January 30, 1997|newspaper=Florida Today|location=Cocoa, Florida|page=26|via=Newspapers.com}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=54|title=Second American to travel in space; first person to enter space twice|publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History|access-date=January 27, 2019}}
38. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29986892/albuquerque_journal/|title=Hall to Induct Seven Space Pioneers|newspaper=Albuquerque Journal|location=Albuquerque, New Mexico|date=September 27, 1981|page=53|last1=Harbert|first1=Nancy|via=Newspapers.com}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalaviation.org/enshrinees/ | title=National Aviation Hall of fame: Our Enshrinees |publisher=National Aviation Hall of Fame |accessdate=February 10, 2011}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://astronautscholarship.org/Astronauts/virgil-i-gus-grissom/|title=Virgil I. (Gus) Grissom |publisher=Astronaut Scholarship Foundation|access-date=January 27, 2019}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/rm.br.ea.4.html |title=Early Apollo |accessdate=April 3, 2011 |date=July 1999 |work=Apollo to the Moon: To Reach the Moon – Building a Moon Rocket |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524011004/http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/rm.br.ea.4.html |archivedate=May 24, 2011 }}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cmgww.com/historic/white/about/biography.html|title=The Official Site of Edward White, II|publisher=}}
43. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28921156/hartford_courant/|title=2 Added Moonshots Called for by Scott|agency=Associated Press|location=Hartford, Connecticut|newspaper=Harford Courant|date=August 13, 1971|page=5|via=Newspapers.com}}
44. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28951760/the_courierjournal/|title=Memorial Dedication Today|newspaper=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky|date=July 21, 1971|page=40|via=Newspapers.com}}
45. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28951942/journal_and_courier/|title=Grissom Memorial Dedication at Spring Hill Wednesday|agency=UPI|newspaper=Journal and Courier|location=Lafayette, Indiana|date=July 20, 1971|page=8|via=Newspapers.com}}
46. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27734345/the_philadelphia_inquirer/|title=Oil Biz: A Touch of Disney|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|page=14|date=May 27, 1978|via=Newspapers.com|agency=Los Angeles Times Service}}
47. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27734805/tampa_bay_times/|title=Is This An Apartment Complex...or an Oil Drilling Island?|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|location=St. Petersburg, Florida|page=14|last=Gore|first=Robert J.|date=May 19, 1978|via=Newspapers.com|publisher=Los Angeles Times}}
48. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27734593/independent_presstelegram/|title=Astronaut's Widow Dedicates New Gus Grissom Park|newspaper=Independent Press-Telegram|location=Long Beach, California|date=April 3, 1971|page=46}}
49. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27735356/muncie_evening_press/|title=Hoosier Among Astronauts Honored|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Muncie Evening Press|location=Muncie, Indiana|date=October 13, 1989|page=11|via=Newspapers.com}}
50. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27735498/muncie_evening_press/|title='Space Mirror': Memorial for 15 Dead Astronauts Unveiled at Kennedy Space Center|date=May 10, 1991|newspaper=Muncie Evening Press|location=Muncie, Indiana|agency=Associated Press|last=Dunn|first=Marcia|via=Newspapers.com}}
51. ^{{cite web |work=Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Journal |url=https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.postland.html |title=Post-landing Activities |publisher=NASA}} commentary at 105:11:33
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53. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27736319/the_fresno_bee_the_republican/|title=Lunar Backside Craters Get Apollo Names|location=Fresno, California|page=8|date=December 26, 1968|agency=UPI|newspaper=The Fresno Bee|via=Newspapers.com}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2255|title=Grissom|publisher=USGS|access-date=January 28, 2019}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2161;old=0;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#discovery|title=2161 Grissom (1963 UD)|publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)|access-date=January 28, 2019}}
56. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27736345/the_tribune/|title=Asteroid Named After Grissom|newspaper=The Tribune|location=Seymour, Indiana|agency=Associated Press|date=March 30, 1981|page=12|via=Newspapers.com}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-012704a.html|title=Fallen Apollo 1 astronauts honored on Mars|publisher=collectSPACE|access-date=January 28, 2019}}
58. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27736288/journal_and_courier/|title=Space Experts Say Apollo 1 Deaths Not in Vain|last=Wallheimer|first=Brian|newspaper=Journal and Courier|location=Lafayette, Indiana|page=2|date=October 23, 2007}}
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60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.grissom.afrc.af.mil/questions/ |work=Grissom Air Reserve Base, USAF |title=Questions About Grissom |accessdate=January 23, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103114352/http://www.grissom.afrc.af.mil/questions/ |archivedate=November 3, 2007 }}
61. ^{{cite web|url=https://www2.usafa.org/Connect/ClassExemplars|title=USAFA Class Exemplars|publisher=United States Air Force Academy|access-date=February 25, 2019}}
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63. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28882059/gibson_city_courier/|title=Armed Forces Day at Chanute AF Base|location=Gibson City, Illinois|newspaper=Gibson City Courier|date=May 15, 1975|page=11|via=Newspapers.com}}
64. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28880685/the_republic/|title=Grissom Memorial to be Set|date=July 10, 1971|page=10|newspaper=The Republic|location=Columbus, Indiana|via=Newspapers.com}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/parklake/5580.htm|title=DNR: Gus Grissom Memorial|publisher=}}
66. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28880510/the_journal_herald/|title=Apollo 15's Module at AF Museum|newspaper=The Journal Herald|location=Dayton, Ohio|date=October 24, 1974|page=44|via=Newspapers.com}}
67. ^{{cite news |first=John W. |last=Wasik |work=Family Weekly |page=4 |publisher=The Herald-Tribune |title=Virgil Grissom and John Young: Our Trail-Blazing 'Twin' Astronauts |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1774&dat=19650404&id=AZscAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wmUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5001,1212947 |date=April 4, 1965 |accessdate=January 28, 2010}}
68. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28882159/videttemessenger_of_porter_county/|title=Welsh, Hovde Head Group Honoring Virgil Grissom|last=Dibell|first=Kathie|date=June 16, 1962|newspaper=Vidette-Messenger of Porter County |location=Valparaiso, Indiana|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}
69. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28954683/the_orlando_sentinel/|title=FIT Dedicates 'Grissom Hall'|newspaper=The Orlando Sentinel|location=Orlando, Florida|date=January 31, 1967|page=16|via=Newspapers.com}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fredonia.edu/student-life/residence-life/grissom|title=Grissom Hall|access-date=February 28, 2019|publisher=State University of New York at Fredonia}}
71. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html3month/2005/051014.Celebrate.iegifts.html |work=Purdue University News |title=Purdue industrial engineering kicks off Grissom renovation, celebrates gifts |date=October 14, 2005 |first=Cynthia |last=Sequin |accessdate=January 23, 2008}}
72. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28881765/journal_and_courier/|title=Grissom, Chaffee Dedications to Honor Fallen Astronauts|newspaper=Journal and Courier|location=Lafayette, Indiana|date=April 26, 1968|page=14|via=Newspapers.com}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.houstonisd.org/Page/72954|title=Grissom at a Glance|publisher=Virgil Ivan Grissom Elementary School|access-date=February 28, 2019}}
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75. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27735623/quadcity_times/|title=Shuttle Anniversary Touches Student's Hearts|newspaper=Quad-City Times|location=Davenport, Iowa|page=3|last=Bustos|first=Cheryl|date=January 29, 1987|via=Newspapers.com}}
76. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28945741/the_south_bend_tribune/|title=P-H-M Corp Lauded at Grissom School Dedication|newspaper=The South Bend Tribune|location=South Bend, Indiana|date=October 7, 1968|last=Miller|first=John D.|via=Newspapers.com}}
77. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28945031/the_evening_sun/|title=School Named for Astronaut|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Evening Sun|location=Baltimore, Maryland|page=4}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://school.wcskids.net/grissom/about-us/|title=About Us|publisher=Virgil I. Grissom Middle School|access-date=February 27, 2019}}
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83. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28951619/the_courierjournal/|title=Mrs. Grissom to Aid in School Dedication|newspaper=The Courier-Journal|location=Louisville, Kentucky|date=April 18, 1970|page=3|agency=Associated Press|via=newspapers.com}}
84. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28946197/the_star_press/|title=Grissom School Dedication is October 28|newspaper=The Star Press|location=Muncie, Indiana|date=October 17, 1973|page=5|via=Newspapers.com}}
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86. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-06-24/news/mn-790_1_clark-air-base|title=Volcano Clouds Future of Strategic Clark Base : Philippines: Mt. Pinatubo may remain active for up to three years, endangering lives and equipment.|date=June 24, 1991|last=Drogin|first=Bob|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}
87. ^{{IMDb name|0342628}}
88. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28881681/the_boston_globe/|title=Betty Grissom, at 91; Husband Died in Apollo Fire|newspaper=The New York Times|location=New York|via=The Boston Globe|page=C9|last=Seelye|first=Katharine}}
89. ^{{cite book|title=DC Goes to the Movies: A Unique Guide to the Reel Washington|date=February 1, 2003|last=Rosales|first=Jean|last2=Jobe|first2=Michael|isbn=978-0-595-26797-2|publisher=Writer's Club Press|place=New York}}
90. ^{{IMDb name|0566406|name=Kevin McCorkle}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/leonoraepstein/9-of-bryan-cranstons-forgotten-roles|title=9 Of Bryan Cranston's Forgotten Roles|website=Buzzfeed|date=August 26, 2013|last=Epstein|first=Leonora|access-date=February 23, 2017}}
92. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/19/showbiz/emmys-2013-bryan-cranston-man-of-the-moment/index.html|title=Emmys 2013: Bryan Cranston, man of the moment|publisher=CNN|last=Leopold|first=Todd|date=September 19, 2013|access-date=April 28, 2018}}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2014/04/joel-johnstone-joins-abcs-the-astronaut-wives-club-rahart-adams-in-nickelodeons-every-witch-way-719988/|title=Joel Johnstone Joins ABC's 'The Astronaut Wives Club'; Rahart Adams In Nickelodeon's 'Every Witch Way'|date=April 25, 2014|access-date=February 23, 2017|website=Deadline Hollywood}}
94. ^{{cite AV media|people=Okuda, Michael|date=October 22, 2002|title=Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, Special Collector's Edition: Text commentary|publisher=Paramount Pictures|medium=DVD; Disc 1/2}}
95. ^{{cite episode |title=The Most Toys |episodelink=The Most Toys |series= Star Trek: The Next Generation |first=Gene |last=Roddenberry|season=3 |number=22 |date=May 1990}}
96. ^{{cite episode |title=Field of Fire |episodelink= Field of Fire (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) |series=Star Trek: Deep Space Nine |last=Berman |first=Rick |season=7 |number=13 |date=February 1999}}
97. ^{{cite news |last=Gabettas |first=Chris |work=Idaho State University Magazine |publisher=Idaho State University |title=William Petersen: From ISU to CSI |url=http://www.isu.edu/magazine/spring10/from-isu-to-csi.shtml |date=Spring 2010 |volume=20 |issue=2 |accessdate=October 19, 2015}}
98. ^{{cite news |last=Jensen |first=Erin |url= https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/news/usa_today/christian-bale-s-vice-co-star-shea-whigham-was-blown/article_0368dc48-6610-501e-8892-d60715767a32.html |title=Christian Bale's 'Vice' co-star Shea Whigham was blown away with Dick Cheney makeover |work=The Herald-Mail |date=October 4, 2018 |accessdate=December 23, 2018}}
99. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28945483/the_minneapolis_star/|title=Excerpts from Gus Grissom's 'Gemini' Story|newspaper=The Minneapolis Star|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|date=May 13, 1968|page=12B|via=Newspapers.com}}