“Bakla”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In the Philippines, a baklâ ({{IPA-tl|bɐkˈlaʔ|pron}}), bayot (Cebuano) or agi (Hiligaynon) is a person who was assigned male at birth, but usually, have adopted feminine mannerisms and usually dress as women.^[1] They are often considered a third gender.^[2] Many bakla are exclusively attracted to men, but are not necessarily gay.^[3] Some self-identify as women.

Bakla are socially and economically integrated into Filipino society.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} However, some Filipinos disapprove or reject of baklas, usually on religious grounds or related social and political reasons. The stereotype of a baklâ is a parlorista–a flamboyant, camp cross-dresser who works in a beauty salon.^[4]

Legal status

Religion

The Philippines is predominantly Christian, with over 80% of Filipinos belonging to the Roman Catholic Church.^[6] Church doctrine officially tolerates persons with such orientations but condemns homosexual activity as "intrinsically disordered".^[7] This condemnation of homosexuality presents a problem for baklâ because of potential discrimination in a Catholic-dominated society. As a result, baklâ youth in particular are at a higher risk for suicide, depression and substance abuse than their heterosexual peers, with risk increasing as parental acceptance decreases.^[8]

While a significant minority, baklâ adherents of Protestantism face varying degrees of acceptance based on the denomination to which they belong. The Philippine Independent Church, which is in full communion with the worldwide Anglican Communion, officially does not endorse homosexuality.^[9] Various Evangelical churches and the Iglesia Ni Cristo are more fundamentalist in doctrine, and thus strongly condemn homosexual acts and suppress such identities within their congregations.

Non-Christian Filipinos who profess Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and other faiths also present a wide range of doctrinal views. Islam, the second largest religion in the Philippines, comprises roughly 5.57% of the population.^[10] Islam shares views with other Abrahamic Faiths in that homosexual acts are held to be sinful.^[11] According to the Delhi High Court, Hinduism does not officially condemn homosexuality.^[12] As for Buddhism, the Dalai Lama has maintained that homosexuality is "sexual misconduct" for Buddhist followers but does not condemn it for non-believers.^[13]

History

In Pre-colonial Philippines, the bakla, especially those who crossdress (asog, bayoc or bayoquin in Spanish sources), were commonly shamans (babaylan), a role usually taken by women. Babaylan were highly respected members of the community who functioned as healers, keepers of oral histories, sorcerers, and as spirit mediums for communicating with ancestral and nature spirits (anito).^[14]^[15]^[16]

Etymology

In Cebuano, the term "baklâ" means "homosexual".^[17] In modern Filipino, it can mean either "effeminate man" or "homosexual"^[18] but the word itself has been used for centuries, albeit in different contexts. The Tagalog poet Francisco Balagtas used the word "bacla" in reference to "a temporary lack of resolve", as seen in his popular works Florante at Laura and Orosman at Zafira.^[19]

They are also called bayot in Cebuano{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} and agi in Hiligaynon/Ilonggo.

In narrating the Agony in the Garden, the traditional religious epic Casaysayan nang Pasiong Mahal ni Jesucristong Panginoon Natin na Sucat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Sinomang Babasa (The History of the Passion of Jesus Christ Our Lord that Surely Shall Ignite the Heart of Whosoever Readeth), which is often chanted during Holy Week, has a passage that reads Si Cristo'y nabacla ("Christ was confused"). During Balagtas' time, when the Philippines was a Spanish colony, homosexual men were called "binabae" or "bayogin" like Alejandro Penunuri.^[20] Pre-World War II Tagalog meanwhile used baklâ to mean "fearful" or "weakened".^[19]

Baklâ is commonly believed to be a portmanteau of the words babae, meaning woman, and lalaki, meaning man.^[21]

Gender

Bakla generally dress and act like women, grow their hair long, have breast implants, take hormone pills and make other changes to look more feminine. Some also undergo sex reassignment surgery, but this is uncommon.^[22]

Baklâ are often considered a third gender.^[2] J. Neil C. García recalls a children's rhyme that begins by listing four distinct genders: "girl, boy, baklâ, tomboy."^[22] (In the Philippines, tomboy explicitly refers to a lesbian.)

Nowadays, in almost every city and town in the Philippines there is at least one baklâ (in general many baklâs) living a normal life, accepted (at least by some) as a member of the third sex. This general acceptance of the baklâ sexuality does not, however, imply that they are considered equal to the other genders.{{According to whom|date=December 2017}} García states that the ordering "girl, boy, baklâ, tomboy" implies "[The differing gender's] hierarchical positioning relative to each other".^[22] Although Filipino society is tolerant of baklâ, there is an implied superiority of the "traditional" sexes over the other two.

Despite this supposed "hierarchy of the sexes," baklâ have become recognized and accepted by most of society; they have become an integral part it.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} There are successful ones, such as some parlorista who own or work at beauty salons and are considered more meticulous and detail-oriented than female peers. A few prominent social icons are also baklâ, such as television personality Boy Abunda, hairdresser and entrepreneur Ricky Reyes, actor-comedian Vice Ganda, Filipino fashion designer Michael Cinco and the world's first LGBT political party called Ladlad which means "coming out".

Culture

In the second edition of the now-defunct gay lifestyle magazine Icon Magazine, editor Richie Villarin quoted one of the magazine's advertisers as saying "We cannot remain oblivious to your market".^[4]

Baklâs have been instrumental in the opening of badong clubs in the Philippines^[4] and can also be found in service, retail, and both sexual and non-sexual entertainment industries. Despite their high visibility, acceptance of baklâs is limited, especially for gay professionals.^[1]

Beauty pageants

Baklâ communities are renowned for beauty pageants,^[4] with Miss Gay Philippines being a national beauty pageant for baklâs. The participants model swimsuits and dresses, as in other beauty pageants worldwide.

Swardspeak

Baklâs have an argot, or secret language, called swardspeak. It is used by both masculine and feminine baklâs and incorporates elements from Filipino, Philippine English and Spanish, spoken with a hyper-feminised inflection.^[4] It was widespread and popular until the 1990s, but is now considered unfashionable in most parts of Manila.^[4] It has been argued that it is more appropriate to call modern swardspeak "gayspeak" instead; despite being strongly identifiable as gay lingo, it is also used by heterosexuals.^[23]

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Tan|first1=Michael L.|title=Survival Through Pluralism: Emerging Gay Communities in the Philippines|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|date=2001|volume=40|issue=3/4|page=117|doi=10.1300/j082v40n03_07}}
2. ^¹{{cite book |title=Men who sell sex: international perspectives on male prostitution and HIV/AIDS |last=Aggleton |first=Peter |year=1999 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=1-56639-669-7 |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WYZ0wNpZfIC&lpg=RA3-PA241&pg=RA3-PA246#v=onepage&q=bakla |accessdate=2010-06-05}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.getrealphilippines.com/blog/2017/07/being-bakla-is-not-the-same-as-being-gay/|title=Being ‘bakla’ is NOT the same as being gay|date=12 July 2017|publisher=Get Real Post|accessdate=6 June 2018}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite journal |last=Benedicto |first=Bobby |year=2008 |title=The Haunting of Gay Manila: Global Space-Time and the specter of Kabaklaan |journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies |volume=14 |issue=2-3 |pages=317–338 |doi=10.1215/10642684-2007-035}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.workers.org/world/2005/npa_0224/ |title=New Peoples Army recognizes same-sex marriage |author=LeiLani Dowell |date=2005-02-17 |publisher=Workers World Party |accessdate=2008-11-17}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35425.htm|quote=Over 81 percent of citizens claim membership in the Roman Catholic Church, according to the official 2000 census data on religious preference.|work=International Religious Freedom Report 2004|title=Philippines|publisher=U.S. Department of State|year=2004|accessdate=11 July 2010| archiveurl= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100713201326/http%3A//www%2Estate%2Egov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35425%2Ehtm| archivedate= 13 July 2010 | deadurl= no}}
7. ^{{Cite Catholic Catechism|part=p3|section=s2|chapter=c2|article=a6|div=#2357}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Reyes|first1=Mark|title=Perceived Parental Support as a Protective Factor Against Suicidal Ideation of Self-identified Lesbian and Gay Filipino Adolescents|journal=North American Journal of Psychology|date=2015|volume=17|issue=2|pages=245–249}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Anglican Communion Q&A|url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/media/145156/Anglican-Communion-QA-2015.pdf|website=Anglican Communion Home Page|publisher=Anglican Communion Office|accessdate=2 April 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=The Philippine Statistical Yearbook|url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf#56|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority|accessdate=2 April 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|last1=Burton|first1=Richard|title=The Qu'ran and Homosexuality|url=http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/quran-homo.asp|website=Fordham University|publisher=Fordham University|accessdate=2 April 2017}}
12. ^{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=HS|title='Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality'|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/03/hinduism-does-not-condemn-homosexuality.htm|accessdate=2 April 2017|agency=Rediff|publisher=Rediff.com|date=July 3, 2009}}
13. ^{{cite book|last1=Harvey|first1=Peter|title=An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|page=432|edition=illustrated, reprint|accessdate=2 April 2017}}
14. ^{{cite book | last = Scott | first = William Henry | authorlink = William Henry Scott (historian) | coauthors = | title = Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society | publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press | date = 1994 | location = Quezon City | isbn = 971-550-135-4 }}
15. ^{{cite book|author=Jose S. Buenconsejo|editor =Jennifer C. Post|title =Songs and Gifts at the Frontier|publisher =Routledge|series =Current Research in Ethnomusicology: Outstanding Dissertations Volume 4|year =2013|page=98–99|isbn =9781136719806|url =https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=tJsuAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aswangproject.com/filipino-shaman/|title=6 Guidelines for Becoming a Filipino Shaman|publisher=The Aswang Project|accessdate=12 May 2018}}
17. ^{{Cite encyclopedia|title = baklà|last = Wolff|first = John U. |encyclopedia = A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan|year = 1972|url = http://seapdatapapers.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=seap&cc=seap&idno=seap085a&node=seap085a%3A11&view=image&seq=110&size=200|page = 86|volume = 1}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/cgi-bin/search.pl?s=bakla |title=bakla |year=2004 |work=Tagalog Dictionary |accessdate=2009-12-05}}
19. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Garcia |first1=J. Neil C. |year=2008 |title=Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93lag7tXriIC |location=Manila, Philippines |publisher=UP Press |isbn=9715425771 |accessdate=18 November 2013 |quote="Also, another semantic space that bakla occupies refers to a state of mental confusion and undecidedness. This may be used to bear a linguistic affinity to the way Tagalog poet Francisco Balagtas used the word bakla in the context of a temporary lack of resolve, an emotional wavering in several scenes in at least two of his best known works, the romance Florante at Laura and the play Orosman at Zafira; later, prewar Tagalog writers used bakla to mean fearful and weakened.}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://n5e.interaksyon.com/top/41CEF311DF0F4E4/1003/history-may-bakla-nga-ba-na-kasapi-sa-katipunan |title=HISTORY: MAY BAKLA NGA BA NA KASAPI SA KATIPUNAN? |last1=de Veyra |first1=Lourd |date=24 October 2013 |website=News5 Everywhere |accessdate=17 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305101402/http://n5e.interaksyon.com/top/41CEF311DF0F4E4/1003/history-may-bakla-nga-ba-na-kasapi-sa-katipunan |archivedate=5 March 2014 |df=dmy }}
21. ^{{cite book|last1=Manalansan|first1=Martin|title=Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora|date=2003|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|page=25|edition=illustrated|accessdate=2 April 2017}}
22. ^¹²{{cite journal |last=Garcia |first=J. Nelia C. |year=2000 |title=Performativity, the bakla and the orienting gaze |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=265–281 |doi=10.1080/14649370050141140}}
23. ^{{cite web|last1=Alba|first1=Reinerio A.|title=In Focus: The Filipino Gayspeak (Filipino Gay Lingo)|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the-filipino-gayspeak-filipino-gay-lingo/|website=In Focus: The Filipino Gayspeak (Filipino Gay Lingo)|publisher=Republic of the Philippines National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}