| 词条 | Bashshit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Bashshit | native_name = بشيت | native_name_lang = ar | other_name = Beshshit, "Beit Shit" (="House of Seth") | settlement_type = Village | image_skyline = Bashshit.jpg | image_caption = The tomb of Neby Shit ("prophet Seth") | etymology = "House of Seth"[1] | pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_mapsize = 200 | coordinates = {{coord|31|49|27|N|34|44|48|E|type:city_region:IL|display=inline,title}} | grid_name = Palestine grid | grid_position = 126/136 | subdivision_type = Geopolitical entity | subdivision_name = Mandatory Palestine | subdivision_type1 = Subdistrict | subdivision_name1 = Ramle | established_title1 = Date of depopulation | established_date1 = May 13, 1948[2] | established_title2 = Repopulated dates | unit_pref = dunam | area_total_km2 = 18.6 | area_total_dunam = 18,553 | population_as_of = 1945 | population_total = 1,620[3][4] | blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation | blank_info_sec1 = Military assault by Yishuv forces | blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities | blank3_info_sec1 = Neve Mivtah[5] Meshar,[5] Kfar Mordechai,[5] Misgav Dov,[5] Kannot,[5] Shedema,[5] and Aseret.[5] }} Bashshit ({{lang-ar|بشيت}}), also Beshshit, was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict, located {{convert|16.5|km|mi|sp=us}} southwest of Ramla about half a mile from wadi Bashshit. Archaeological artifacts from the village attest to habitation in the Early Islamic period and 12th and 13th centuries. Mentioned by Arab geographers from the 13th century onward, there was a tomb for the Neby Shit ("prophet Seth") in the village. Like much the rest of Palestine, Bashshit was ruled by the Crusaders, Mamluks, Ottomans and the British. It was depopulated at the beginning of the 1948 Palestine war during Operation Barak. Along with the villages of Barqa, Bayt Daras, al-Batani al-Sharqi, and al-Maghar, among others, Bashshit was attacked by Haganah's Givati Brigade.[6] Following its depopulation, Bashshit was mostly destroyed. There are seven Israeli localities now situated on what were the village lands. Etymology{{see also|Place names of Palestine}}According to the Palestine Exploration Fund, Beshshit stands for Beit Shit, meaning "house of Seth.[7] The tomb of Neby Shit ("prophet Seth") was in Bashshit, and other sanctuaries for him in the region included one in Samaria (Haram en Neby Shit), as well as Al-Nabi Shayth further north in Lebanon.[8] The tomb lies within a triple-domed mosque of the same name located on the side of a hill that lay in the center of the former village.[15] HistoryPottery remains from the early Islamic era[16] and a coin from the Umayyad era (697–750 CE) have been found here,[9] together with pottery remains from the 12th–13th centuries CE.[16] During the Crusader period in Palestine, Bashshit was referred to as Basit. The village is mentioned by at least two Arab geographers as far back as the 13th century, when the village was under the rule of the Mamluks. It is documented in the writings of Yaqut al-Hamawi (died 1228) who mentioned it in his Mu'jam, describing its proximity to al-Ramla.[5][10] Coins from the Mamluk era (14th century CE) have also been found here.[9] Ottoman eraIbn al-Imad al-Hanbali also gave an account of the village in the 17th century, noting that the Arab grammarian and chronicler Jamal al-Bashshiti (d.1417) was from the village.[5]In 1838 it was noted as a village, Beshit, in the Gaza district.[11] In May 1863 Victor Guérin found the village to have 350 inhabitants, surrounded by tobacco fields,[12] while an Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Bashshit had a population of 159, with a total of 57 houses, though the population count included men only. It was also noted that the name came from "House of Seth".[13][14] In the late 19th century, while under Ottoman rule, Bashshit was an important village between Yibna and Isdud.[15] The village structures in Bashshit were made of adobe bricks. There were cultivated gardens with cactus hedges, and on a hill, stood a three-domed shrine.[5][15][16] At the end of WWI there apparently was some fighting in/around Bashshit, as used ammunition dating from that era have been found. The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade operated in the area in 1917.[9] British Mandate eraDuring the British Mandate period, the village had a rectangular layout, extending in the east-west direction. Bashshit had an elementary school, built in 1921, in which 148 students were enrolled in the mid-1940s. A mosque, and a number of artesian wells, was located in the village center. The main economic activities were agriculture and animal husbandry. Grain was the chief crop.[5] In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bashit had a population of 936; all Muslims,[17] increasing in the 1931 census to 1,125, still all Muslims, in a total of 333 houses.[18] By 1945, the population had increased to 1,620, the population being entirely Arab in ethnicity. The village comprised a total area of 18,553 dunums.[4] A large number of inhabitants were employed in cereal farming, which occupied most of the land area. Some land was also allocated for irrigation and plantation, and the growing of citrus fruits and olives.[5][19] {{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}Types of landuse in dunams by Arabs in the 1945 statistics:[19][20]
The land ownership of the village before occupation in dunams:[4]
1948 War and aftermathBetween May 10 and May 13, 1948, the village was attacked by the 52nd and 53rd battalions of the Givati Brigade as part of Operation Barak. The villagers put up a major struggle, but the houses were mostly all destroyed.[21] Today, there are seven Israeli settlements on the village land; including Newe Mivtach, Meshar, Kfar Mordechai, Misgav Dov, Kannot, Shedema, and Aseret. Of Bashshit's former structures, three houses and a pool remain; two of the houses are deserted and an Israeli family occupies one. The surrounding lands today are cultivated by Israelis for agricultural production.[22] The village also contains an archaeological site, al-Nabi 'Ararat, which has some remaining pillars and cisterns. However, the site is fenced off and marked as a "dangerous building" and the cisterns are heavily populated with bats.[23] The remains of a courtyard in front of the khirbat ("ruins") is heavily overgrown with weeds. Excavations{{see also|Levantine archaeology}}In 1999, the village became subject of an archaeological investigation by the Israel Antiquities Authority. The excavation, directed by T. Kanias, with the assistance of A. Hajian (surveying), R. Graff (drafting) and M. Saltzberger (photography) involved the excavation of the sewer line which revealed building remains and ceramic fragments from the Early Islamic period and the 12th–13th centuries CE.[24] Various sized kurkar stones were discovered 0.9 m below the surface, pottery fragments from the Early Islamic period and a few animal bones.[24] Numerous potsherds were excavated also dating to the 12th–13th centuries CE, including the foot of a clay box lined with chalk and decorated with a geometric pattern and the remains of a plaster floor.[24] A salvage excavation in 2016 revealed remains from the Umayyad, Mamluk and Ottoman era.[9] References1. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/266/mode/1up 266] 2. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR19 xix], village #257. Also gives cause of depopulation 3. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 29 4. ^1 2 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 66 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Khalidi, 1992, p. 363 6. ^Khalidi, 1992, p.85 7. ^Stewardson, 1888, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=H6A_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA84 84] 8. ^Conder, 1877, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme09pale#page/n102/mode/1up 93] 9. ^1 2 3 Elad, 2017, Bashshit/‘Aseret 10. ^Le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/421/mode/1up 421] 11. ^Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/118/mode/1up 118] 12. ^Guérin, 1869, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog02gu#page/66/mode/1up 66] 13. ^Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/144/mode/1up 144] Also noted that it was located in the Gaza district 14. ^Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n942/mode/1up 134] also noted 57 houses 15. ^1 2 Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C 110] 16. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/409/mode/1up 409] 17. ^Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n11/mode/1up 9] 18. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 2]. 19. ^1 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 114 20. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 164 21. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&l&pg=PA256 256] 22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.alnakba.org/villages/ramla/bashashit.htm |title=Destroyed villages:Bashshit |publisher=www.alnakba.org |accessdate=August 22, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527232737/http://www.alnakba.org/villages/ramla/bashashit.htm |archivedate=May 27, 2010 |df= }} 23. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaQhzBoWQ1Q Tracing all that remains of the destroyed village of Bashshit -Palestine] 24. ^1 2 3 4 Kanias, 2004, Bashshit Final Report Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links
3 : Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War|District of Ramla|Palestinian shrines |
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