| 词条 | Hague Congress (1872) |
| 释义 |
The Hague Congress was the fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), held from 2–7 September 1872 in The Hague, the Netherlands. The Hague Congress is famous for the expulsion of the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin for clashing with Karl Marx and his followers over the role of politics in the IWMA.[1] It marked the end of this organization as a unitarian alliance of all socialist factions (anarchists and Marxists). HistoryBackgroundThe background to the congress lay in the failure of the Paris Commune in June of the previous year, and in the different lessons drawn from it by the two most prominent members of the International, Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin. Marx, in his pamphlet The Civil War in France, believed that the major lesson from the Commune was that it was essential for the proletariat to take control of the State and thus the International had to become a true political party of the proletariat. On the other hand, Bakunin saw the most important element of the Commune as being the Parisian workers' rejection of the State in all its forms and continued to call for a revolutionary alliance of workers and peasants in a decentralized organization. In September 1871, the General Council of the International, headed by Marx, held a conference in London at which a series of resolutions were passed, including one (sometimes known as Resolution No.9) which stated: "That this constitution of the working class into a political party is indispensable in order to ensure the triumph of the social revolution and its ultimate end — the abolition of classes."[2] This was seen by many to imply a major change of direction to the content of the International's General Rules. The resolution caused a great deal of consternation in many sections of the International, particularly in Italy, French-speaking Switzerland and Spain, as it was seen as a measure which would eliminate the autonomy of local sections and turn the General Council into a centralized political office. The Conference itself was considered irregular by these sections, who believed that decisions of this nature could only have been decided at a regular congress of the International. In June 1872, a Congress was convened for 2 September 1872 in The Hague, the agenda for which was to concern a general revision of the organization's General Rules. During the conferenceThe Hague Congress met from 2 to 7 September 1872 in The Hague, Holland. Marx declared that the proletariat had to take control of the state for a successful revolution, and advocated that the Congress vote to uphold this view. The anarchists naturally objected. Anarchist leaders Mikhail Bakunin and James Guillaume were expelled for protesting after the Congress accepted Marx's proposal. Bakunin was not present at the conference but was expelled in absentia. AftermathAfter the expulsion of Bakunin and James Guillaume from the Hague Congress, the anarchists declared it null and void.[3] The anarchist faction (including the Jura federation, and the federations of Spain, Italy and Belgium) then held its own Congress of Saint-Imier, a few days later, from which also emerged the Anarchist St. Imier International.[4] Later in that year of 1872 Bakunin wrote:
And:
See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Leier|first=Mark|year=2006|pp=298|title=The Creative Passion|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-58322-894-4|ref=harv}} {{First International}}प्रथम इन्टरनेसनलको हेग महाधिवेशन2. ^Resolution of the London Conference on Working Class Political Action http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/09/politics-resolution.htm 3. ^1 2 Mikhail Bakunin, "On the International Workingmen's Association and Karl Marx", 1872 4. ^Yuri Mikhailovich Steklov, History of the First International, Part II Chapter Two. The Saint-Imier Congress and the Foundation of the Anarchist International 8 : 1872 conferences|History of anarchism|History of socialism|Political congresses|1872 in politics|Anarchism in the Netherlands|International Workingmen's Association|19th century in The Hague |
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