词条 | Hair conditioner |
释义 |
Hair conditioner is a hair care product used to improve the feel, appearance and manageability of hair. Its main purpose of it is to reduce friction between strands of hair to allow easier brushing or combing, which might otherwise cause damage to the scalp.[1] Various other benefits are often advertised, such as hair repair, strengthening, or a reduction in split-ends. Conditioners are available in a wide range of forms including viscous liquids, gels and creams as well as thinner lotions and sprays. Hair conditioner is usually used after the hair has been washed with shampoo. It is applied and worked into the hair and may either be washed out a short time later or left in. HistoryFor centuries, natural oils have been used to condition human hair.[2] A conditioner popular with men in the late Victorian era was Macassar oil, but this product was quite greasy and required pinning a small cloth, known as an antimacassar, to chairs and sofas to keep the upholstery from being damaged by the oil. Modern hair conditioner was created at the turn of the 20th century when perfumer Édouard Pinaud presented a product he called Brilliantine at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. His product was intended to soften men's hair, including beards and mustaches.[3] Since the invention of Pinaud's early products, modern science has advanced the hair conditioner industry to include those made with silicone, fatty alcohols, and quaternary ammonium compounds. These chemical products have the benefits of hair conditioner without feeling greasy or heavy. Mechanism of actionThe outermost layer of a hair follicle is called the cuticle and is composed largely of keratin. This is rich in cysteine groups which are mildly acidic.[4][5] When the hair is washed these groups can deprotonate, giving the hair a negative charge. Positively charged quaternary ammonium species, such as behentrimonium or polyquaternium, can then become attached to the hair via electrostatic interactions. Once attached these compounds have several effects. Their long hydrocarbon backbone helps to lubricate the surface of each hair follicle, reducing the sensation of roughness and assisting combing. The surface coating of cationic groups means that hair are repelled from each other electrostatically, which reduces clumping. The compounds can also act as antistatic agents, which helps to reduce frizzing. Types
IngredientsThere are several types of hair conditioner ingredients, differing in composition and functionality:
pHConditioners are frequently acidic, as low pH protonates the keratin's amino acids. The hydrogen ions gives the hair a positive charge and creates more hydrogen bonds among the keratin scales, giving the hair a more compact structure. Organic acids such as citric acid are usually used to maintain acidity. See also
References1. ^{{cite book|author1=André O. Barel|author2=Marc Paye|author3=Howard I. Maibach|title=Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA687|date=3 March 2009|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-6968-6|pages=687–}} 2. ^{{Cite web|title = Argan oil as a geographic indication|url = http://www1.american.edu/ted/argan-oil.htm|website = www1.american.edu|accessdate = 2016-01-01}} 3. ^{{Cite web|title = The History of Conditioner|url = http://www.prell.com/blog/the-history-of-conditioner/|website = Prell|accessdate = 2016-01-01}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dawber|first1=Rodney|title=Hair: Its structure and response to cosmetic preparations|journal=Clinics in Dermatology|date=January 1996|volume=14|issue=1|pages=105–112|doi=10.1016/0738-081X(95)00117-X}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Longo|first1=V. M.|last2=Monteiro|first2=V. F.|last3=Pinheiro|first3=A. S.|last4=Terci|first4=D.|last5=Vasconcelos|first5=J. S.|last6=Paskocimas|first6=C. A.|last7=Leite|first7=E. R.|last8=Longo|first8=E.|last9=Varela|first9=J. A|title=Charge density alterations in human hair fibers: an investigation using electrostatic force microscopy|journal=International Journal of Cosmetic Science|date=April 2006|volume=28|issue=2|pages=95–101|doi=10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00280.x}} 6. ^{{Cite web|title = Introduction|url = http://wwwcourses.sens.buffalo.edu/ce457_527/ce457_pro/g8_doc.htm|website = wwwcourses.sens.buffalo.edu|accessdate = 2016-01-01}} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Hair Conditioner|first1=Moisturizer|url=http://www.headandshoulders.co.in/hair-clinic/understanding-scalp-issues/scalp-issues|title=Understanding Scalp Issues}} 8. ^{{Cite web|title = How does hair conditioner work? » Scienceline|url = http://scienceline.org/2014/01/how-does-hair-conditioner-work/|website = scienceline.org|accessdate = 2016-01-01}} External links{{Commons category|Hair care}}
2 : Hairdressing|Hair care products |
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