词条 | Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |
释义 |
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}{{Infobox royalty |name = Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |native_lang1 = Arabic |native_lang1_name1 = حمد بن عيسى آل خليفة |image = Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa April 2016.jpg |caption = The King in 2016. |succession = King of Bahrain |reign = 6 March 1999 – present |coronation = 14 February 2002 |predecessor = Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (as Emir of Bahrain) |suc-type = Heir apparent |successor = Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |reg-type = {{nowrap|Prime Minister}} |regent = Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa |spouse = Sabika bint Ibrahim (1969–present) Sheia bint Hassan Al-Khrayyesh Al-Ajmi 2 others |issue-link = #Personal life |issue = Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Abdullah bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Khalifa bin Hamad Al Khalifa Najla bint Hamad Al Khalifa Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa Faisal bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Sultan bin Hamad Al Khalifa Hessa bint Hamad Al Khalifa Nura bint Hamad Al Khalifa Munira bint Hamad Al Khalifa Reema bint Hamad Al Khalifa |house = Khalifa |father = Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa |mother = Hessa bint Salman Al Khalifa |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|1|28|df=y}} |birth_place = Riffa, Bahrain |death_date = |death_place = |religion = Sunni Islam }} Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa ({{lang-ar|حمد بن عيسى بن سلمان آل خليفة}} {{transl|ar|DIN|Ḥamad bin ʿĪsā bin Salmān ʾĀl Ḫalīfah}}; born 28 January 1951) has been the monarch of Bahrain since 6 March 1999, initially as emir, and from 14 February 2002, as the first King of Bahrain.[1] He is the son of Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, the previous and first emir. The country has been ruled by the Al Khalifa dynasty since 1783. Early life and educationHamad bin Isa Al Khalifa was born on 28 January 1951 in Riffa, Bahrain.[2] His parents were Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, then Crown Prince, and Hessa bint Salman Al Khalifa.[2] After attending Manama secondary school in Bahrain, Hamad was sent to England to attend Applegarth College in Godalming, Surrey before taking a place at The Leys School in Cambridge. Hamad then underwent military training, first with the British Army at Mons Officer Cadet School at Aldershot in Hampshire, graduating in September 1968.[3] Four years later, in June 1972, Hamad attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas, graduating the following June with a degree in leadership.[4][5] Crown princeHamad was designated as heir apparent by his father on 27 June 1964. In 1968, he was appointed as the chairman of the irrigation council and Manama municipal council. He was commissioned into the Bahrain National Guard on 16 February 1968 and appointed as its commander the same year, remaining in that post until 1969 when he was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Bahrain Defence Force. In 1970, Hamad became the head of the Bahraini department of defence and the vice-chairman of the administrative council, remaining in both offices until 1971. From 1971 to 1988 he was the minister of state for defence.[5] In October 1977, Hamad started learning to fly helicopters, successfully completing the training in January 1978. He then worked to establish the Bahrain Amiri Air Force,[4] which came into being in 1987 when the defence force air wing was reconstituted as an air force. Reign{{see|Human rights in Bahrain}}On the death of his father Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Hamad became Emir of Bahrain on 6 March 1999.[1] As Emir, Hamad brought several political reforms to Bahrain. These included the release of all political prisoners, the dissolution of the State Security Court and the abolition of the 1974 Decree on State Security Measures. Additionally, many Bahraini citizens were permitted to return after several years in exile overseas.[6] In 2002, he declared himself king. He enjoys wide executive authorities which include appointing the prime minister and his ministers, commanding the army, chairing the Higher Judicial Council, appointing the parliament's upper half and dissolving its elected lower half.[11]{{rp|page=. 15}} Political turmoilAfter Hamad took power in 1999, he focused on attaining stability in a nation riddled with profound tensions after the 1990s uprising. The King succeeded in improving the living standards and in making Bahrain a financial hub. During the period 2003–2010 the majority Shi'ite community{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} accused his government of corruption, discrimination in housing and jobs, recruiting foreigners to the military services and bringing Sunni tribes from Asia to change the demographic composition of the nation.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Although King Hamad's reign has seen the admittance of Shi'ites into positions in the government, there have still been calls for a more equitable distribution of positions and jobs. The Al Khalifa family lead a large number of ministerial and governmental posts including the Ministry of the Interior,[7] Ministry of Justice,[8] the Ministry of Finance,[9] the Ministry of Culture,[10] the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,[11] the Bahrain Economic Development Board[12] and the Supreme Council for Women.[13] Also, the vast majority of significant positions in the Bahrain Defence Force are filled with Sunnis,[14] who account for around a third of the population. King Hamad claims that he is giving an equal chance to all Bahrainis regardless of their sect.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} In October 2010, Hamad's government accused 24 Shi'ite Bahraini citizens of forming a terrorist cell linked to Iran and trained in Syria intending to overthrow the regime, and for planning terrorist attacks. Opposition parties denounced the accusations and described it as propaganda. After a few weeks, tension rose again after the controversial Bahraini parliamentary election, 2010 when the main opposition bloc Al Wefaq National Islamic Society with secularist National Democratic Action Society (Waad) complained that the election system was unfair and that there were aims to reduce the number of opposition chairs in the parliament, although the first party won nearly 40% of the available seats.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Bahraini protests of 2011{{main|Bahraini uprising of 2011}}On 14 February 2011, the tenth anniversary of a referendum in favour of the National Action Charter, and ninth anniversary of the writing of the Constitution of 2002, Bahrain was rocked by protests inspired by the Arab Spring and co-ordinated by a Facebook page named "Day of Rage in Bahrain", a page that was liked by tens of thousands just one week after its creation. The Bahrain government responded with what has been described as a "brutal" crackdown[15][16][17] on the protests, including violations of human rights that caused anger. Later on, demonstrators demanded that Hamad step down.[18] As a result of this "massive" crackdown, Foreign Policy Magazine classified him as ranking 3rd out of 8 of "America's Unsavory Allies" calling him "one of the bad guys the U.S. still supports".[19] On 11 February 2011, King Hamad ordered that 1,000 Bahraini Dinars (approximately US$2,667) be given to "each family" to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the National Action Charter referendum. Agence France-Presse linked the BD1,000 payments to 14 February demonstration plans.[20] On 15 February 2011, Hamad apologized for the deaths of two demonstrators in a rare TV speech and urged an investigation into the incident.[21] Two days later, four protesters were killed and hundreds wounded when protesters were attacked in Pearl Roundabout at 3:00 am local time. The Pearl Roundabout was evacuated and encircled by the Bahraini army. Two days later, Prince Salman, Hamad's son, ordered the withdrawal of army troops from there after the death of another protester caused by live ammunition next to Pearl roundabout. During the peak of the Bahraini uprising in mid March 2011, Hamad declared a State of National Safety for three months just after Salman summoned Peninsula Shield Force troops to enter Bahrain. Saudi Arabia deployed about 1,000 troops with armored support, and the United Arab Emirates deployed about 500 police officers. Opposition parties reacted strongly, calling it an "occupation". Hamad, however, claimed that he deployed the troops to "protect infrastructure and to secure key installations". After this step, the country's economy suffered losses estimated at billions. The security situation deteriorated in areas where people were demonstrating against him. While dozens of deaths were announced, including five who died in custody as a result of torture. On 1 June 2011, protests erupted across Shia-dominated areas of Bahrain to demand Hamad's resignation and to end martial law, as he announced that the state of emergency was officially lifted. In June 2011 Hamad commissioned the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, headed by respected human rights lawyer M. Cherif Bassiouni, to look into the events surrounding the unrest. The establishment of the BICI was praised by Barack Obama and the international community[22][23] as a step towards establishing responsibility and accountability for the events of the 2011–2012 Bahraini uprising. The BICI reported its findings in November 2011 and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton "commend[ed] King Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa's initiative in commissioning it".[24] In August 2012, Amnesty International stated that "the government's response has only scratched the surface of these issues. Reforms have been piecemeal, perhaps aiming to appease Bahrain's international partners, and have failed to provide real accountability and justice for the victims."[25] Good relations with the British courtKing Hamad has good contacts with the British royal family. The king was invited by the British court to the wedding of Prince William, but declined amidst protests by human rights activists, who had pledged to disrupt his stay in Britain because of his violent response to demonstrators.[26] Earlier, in 2005, he was the only sitting foreign head of state to attend the second wedding of Prince Charles.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} In 2012, King Hamad attended the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.{{cn|date=July 2018}} Personal lifeHamad has four wives and has had in total twelve children: seven sons and five daughters:[5]
Titles and styles{{Infobox royal styles|royal name = The King of Bahrain |image = |dipstyle = His Majesty |offstyle = Your Majesty }}
Honours and awardsKing Hamad has received numerous honours, for example:
Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |1= 1. Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |2= 2. Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa |3= 3. Hessa bint Salman Al Khalifa |4= 4. Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa |5= 5. Mouza bint Hamad Al Khalifa |6= 6. Salman bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa |8= 8. Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |9= 9. a daughter of Salman bin Duaij Al Khalifa |10= 10. Hamad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa |12= 12. Ibrahim bin Khalid Al Khalifa |13= 13. Haya bint Salman Al Khalifa }} See also
References1. ^1 2 "Country Profiles Bahrain" The Arab Center for the Development of the Rule of Law and Integrity Retrieved 1 December 2010 2. ^{{cite news|title=Bahrain mourns death of king's mother|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-205340049/bahrain-mourns-death-king.html|accessdate=6 July 2013|newspaper=Gulf News|date=7 August 2009}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.bahrainembassy.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=section.home&id=38|title=Embassy of the Kingdom of Bahrain to the United States |publisher=Bahrain Embassy|accessdate=2 October 2010}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=137&language=en-US|title=HM the King |work=Kingdom of Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publisher=Government of Bahrain|accessdate=21 February 2011}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 {{cite web |url=http://www.royalark.net/Bahrain/bahrain10.htm |title=The Al-Khalifa Dynasty |work=Royal Ark}} 6. ^{{cite journal|title=Bahrain: Promising human rights reform must continue|publisher=Amnesty International|date=13 March 2001|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde11/005/2001/en/|format=pdf|accessdate=9 February 2011}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.interior.gov.bh/default_en.aspx|title=Ministry of Interior|accessdate=17 March 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.moj.gov.bh/en/defaultf692.html?action=category&ID=255|title=MoJ Ministers and Undersecretaries' Names|accessdate=17 March 2013}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.bh/ArticleDetail.asp |title=MoF Welcome Message|accessdate=17 March 2013}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.moc.gov.bh/en/header/TheMinistry/|title=MoC Organisation Chart|accessdate=17 March 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329174741/http://www.moc.gov.bh/en/header/TheMinistry/|archivedate=29 March 2013}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=115&language=en-US|title=MoFA Organizational Structure |accessdate=17 March 2013}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bahrainedb.com/directors-board.aspx|title=BEDB Directors|accessdate=17 March 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421080715/http://www.bahrainedb.com/directors-board.aspx|archivedate=21 April 2013}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scw.gov.bh/page.aspx?page_key=organizational_structure_eng&lang=en|title=Supreme Council for Women|accessdate=17 March 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221513/http://www.scw.gov.bh/page.aspx?page_key=organizational_structure_eng&lang=en|archivedate=17 December 2013}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/193091.pdf |title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2011|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=17 March 2013}} 15. ^Law, Bill (6 April 2011). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12975832 "Police Brutality Turns Bahrain Into 'Island of Fear']. Crossing Continents (via BBC News). Retrieved 15 April 2011. 16. ^Press release (30 March 2011). "USA Emphatic Support to Saudi Arabia". Zayd Alisa (via Scoop). Retrieved 15 April 2011. 17. ^Cockburn, Patrick (18 March 2011). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-footage-that-reveals-the-brutal-truth-about-bahrains-crackdown-2245364.html "The Footage That Reveals the Brutal Truth About Bahrain's Crackdown – Seven Protest Leaders Arrested as Video Clip Highlights Regime's Ruthless Grip on Power"]. The Independent. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 18. ^{{cite news|title=Bahrain Mourners Call for End to Monarchy – Mood of Defiance Against Entire Ruling System After Brutal Attack on Pearl Roundabout Protest Camp That Left at Least Five Dead|date=18 February 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/18/bahrain-mourners-call-downnfall-monarchy|accessdate=31 March 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5waOzlomm?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/18/bahrain-mourners-call-downnfall-monarchy|archivedate=18 February 2011|deadurl=no|location=London}} 19. ^{{cite news| author=Uri Friedman|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/28/america_unsavory_allies?page=0,2|title=America's Unsavory Allies |newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=28 October 2011|accessdate=28 November 2011}} 20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110211-bahrains-king-gifts-3000-every-family|title=Bahrains king gifts 3000 every family|publisher=France 24|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=28 November 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wQZVfMVZ?url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110211-bahrains-king-gifts-3000-every-family|archivedate=11 February 2011}} 21. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://files.bici.org.bh/BICIreportEN.pdf|title=(Report). Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry. 23 November 2011|publisher=BICI|date=23 November 2011|accessdate=23 November 2011}} 22. ^{{cite news|author=Andrew Malcolm|title=Jay Carney says vacationing Obama welcomes new democratic dialogue in Bahrain|date=2 July 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/07/vacationing-obama-bahrain-jay-carney.html}} 23. ^{{cite news|title=Bahrain – Alistair Burt welcomes independent commission|date=30 June 2001|publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/news/latest-news/?view=News&id=624443882}} 24. ^{{cite news|author=Hillary Rodham Clinton|title=Release of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI) Report|date=23 November 2011| publisher=U.S. Department of State|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/11/177735.htm }} 25. ^[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde11/051/2012/en/ "Urgent action: Bahraini activist sentenced to three years"]. Amnesty International. 21 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012. 26. ^{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/hindu-jain-sikh-muslim-leaders-invited-to-royal-wedding/articleshow/8088464.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Hindu, Jain, Sikh, Muslim leaders invited to royal wedding|date=26 April 2011}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan.}} 28. ^HM King receives Palestinian President 29. ^Photo 30. ^Boletín Oficial del Estado 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://borneobulletin.com.bn/sultan-confers-highest-state-decoration-bahrain-king/|title=Borneo Bulletin Online: Sultan of Brunei confers highest state decoration to King of Bahrain.}} External links{{Commons category|Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah}}
23 : 1951 births|Bahraini aviators|Bahraini monarchs|Bahraini Sunni Muslims|Government ministers of Bahrain|House of Khalifa|Kings of Bahrain|Living people|Marshals of the air force|People educated at The Leys School|People of the Bahraini uprising of 2011|United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni|Collars of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Collars of the Order of the Republic (Egypt)|Grand Cordons of the Order of the Star of Jordan|Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France)|Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog|Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George|Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic|Recipients of the Order of Muhammad|Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Iran)|Recipients of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance|Honorary Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm |
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