| 词条 | Hamina |
| 释义 |
|name = Hamina |official_name = {{lang|fi|Haminan kaupunki}} {{lang|sv|Fredrikshamns stad}} |other_name = |native_name = {{lang|fi|Hamnia}} — {{lang|sv|Fredrikshamn}} |native_name_lang = |nickname = |settlement_type = Town |total_type = |motto = |image_skyline = File:Hamina montage.jpg |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: St. Mary's Church, the Reserve Officer School, the countryside of Husula neighbourhood, a view from the Sailor Pavilion towards Tervasaari and the historical Town Hall. |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Hamina.vaakuna.svg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Hamina.sijainti.suomi.2008.svg |mapsize = 280px |map_caption = Location of Hamina in Finland |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |region = Kymenlaakso |subregion = Kotka-Hamina |government_footnotes = |leader_title = Town manager |leader_name = Hannu Muhonen |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = Charter |established_date = 1653 |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |extinct_title = |extinct_date = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |population_metro = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_note = |finnish_official = 1 |swedish_official = |sami_official = |urbanisation = |unemployment = |blank1_name = Climate |blank1_info = Dfb |blank2_name = |blank2_info = |blank3_name = |blank3_info = |blank4_name = |blank4_info = |coordinates_type = |coordinates = {{coord|60|34|N|027|12|E|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = |postal_code = |website = www.hamina.fi |footnotes = }} Hamina ({{IPA-fi|ˈhɑminɑ}}; {{lang-sv|Fredrikshamn}}, {{IPA-sv|freːdrɪksˈhamːn|}}) is a town and a municipality of Finland. It is located approximately {{convert|145|km|abbr=on}} east of the country's capital Helsinki, in the Kymenlaakso region, and formerly the province of Southern Finland. The municipality's population is {{Formatnum: {{Infobox Finnish Municipality/population count|Hamina}}}} ({{#time: j F Y|{{Infobox Finnish Municipality/population count|sourcedate}} }})[1] and covers an area of {{convert|{{Infobox Finnish Municipality/total area|Hamina}}|km2}}, of which {{convert|{{Infobox Finnish Municipality/waters area|Hamina}}|km2|abbr=on}} is water. The population density is {{convert|{{Infobox Finnish Municipality/population density|Hamina|round=2}}|PD/km2}}. The population of the central town is approximately 10,000. Hamina is unilingually Finnish speaking.Valtatie 7 is the town's road connection to Helsinki, after it was upgraded to a continuous motorway in September 2014. Hamina is also one of the most important harbors of Finland. The port specializes in forest products and transit cargo to Russia. One of Google's three European data centers is situated in Hamina.[2]HistoryVehkalahti county was mentioned in documents for the first time in 1336. At the proposal of Count Peter Brahe, the area surrounding the Vehkalahti church (nowadays St. Mary's Church) was separated from rest of Vehkalahti in 1653 and became a town called Vehkalahden Uusikaupunki (Veckelax Nystad in Swedish, "Newtown of Vehkalahti"). The town was destroyed during the Great Northern War in 1712.[3]As the important foreign trade town of Vyborg was surrendered to Russia in 1721, this town (newly renamed in honour of the King Frederick I of Sweden in 1723) was intended to replace it.[4] The town, hitherto a small domestic trade port with restricted trade, was granted extensive privileges, including foreign trade. Finnish people soon shortened the name to Hamina. The rebuilding of the town took place in 1722–1724. The star-shaped fortress and the circular town plan, designed by Axel Löwen, are based on Central European and Italian Renaissance fortress concepts from the 16th century.[3] Fortress towns like this are quite rare; other examples are Palmanova in Italy and Neubreisach in France.[5] In 1743, Hamina was surrendered to Russia, after the Russo–Swedish War, 1741–1743, and the town of Loviisa was the next Swedish candidate for an Eastern-Finnish trade center. Hamina became a Russian frontier town, for which a fortress was desirable. The Treaty of Fredrikshamn (1809), by which Sweden ceded Finland, including parts of the province of Lappland and the Åland Islands, was signed in Hamina. Thus Sweden was split, and the eastern half, along with previously conquered territories including Hamina (Old Finland), was formed into the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous part of the Russian Empire. Hamina Cadet School was founded in 1819 and was in operation until 1903. In 1920 the Reserve Officer School began in the same facilities. Because the town was founded next to the Vehkalahti Church, the municipal center had always been inside the town borders. Vehkalahti and Hamina were consolidated in 2003, and the old coat of arms was replaced with Vehkalahti's coat of arms. The old coat of arms was readopted in January 2013.[6] Main sights
Churches
GalleryTwin towns
Notable people
References1. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.vrk.fi/vrk/files.nsf/files/029EEED89C84611BC22575350052CE3A/$file/081231.html |title= Population by municipality as of {{#time: j F Y|2008-12-31}} |accessdate= {{#time: j F Y|2010-03-27}} |work= Population Information System |publisher= Population Register Center of Finland |language= Finnish, Swedish |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101202145510/http://www.vrk.fi/vrk/files.nsf/files/029EEED89C84611BC22575350052CE3A/%24file/081231.html |archivedate= 2010-12-02 |df= }} 2. ^[https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/hamina/ Hamina Data Center - Google Data centers] 3. ^1 Hamina 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-103684-FinlandsHistoria1700Talet |title=Finlands historia: 1700-talet |last=Lindberg |first=Johan |date=May 26, 2016 |website=Uppslagsverket Finland |publisher= |access-date=November 30, 2017 |quote= |language=Swedish}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last= Kopomaa |first= Timo |year= 2005 |journal= Yhdyskuntasuunnittelu |volume= 43 |issue= 2 |pages= 6–26 |publisher= Yhdyskuntasuunnittelun seura ry (The Finnish Society of Housing and Planning) |location= Helsinki |url= http://www.yss.fi/Kopomaa.pdf |title= Kriisioloihin varautunut kaupunki |language= Finnish |format= PDF |accessdate= 25 January 2009 }} 6. ^Haminan vaakuna vaihtuu - Haminan kaupunki (in Finnish) {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130213062356/http://www.hamina.fi/fi/Kaupunki/Uutiset/2012/05/17/724 |date=2013-02-13 }} 7. ^Hamina 8. ^Hurmaava Hamina - The 15th century church of St Mary and church Museum {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130217120101/http://www.hurmaavahamina.fi/index.php/en/see/churches/28-marian-kirkko-ja-kirkkomuseo |date=2013-02-17 }} 9. ^Churches in Finland 10. ^Hurmaava Hamina - Church Of St John {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130217113449/http://www.hurmaavahamina.fi/index.php/en/see/churches/30-johanneksen-kirkko |date=2013-02-17 }} 11. ^Hurmaava Hamina - The Orthodox Church Of St Peter and St Paul {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130217112506/http://www.hurmaavahamina.fi/index.php/en/see/churches/27-pietarin-ja-paavalin-ortodoksinen-kirkko |date=2013-02-17 }} 12. ^Vordingborg Kommune har 17 venskabsbyer {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705220455/http://vordingborg.dk/cms/site.aspx?p=11431 |date=2014-07-05 }} 13. ^Hurmaava Hamina - Info {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129004544/http://www.hurmaavahamina.fi/en/info |date=2011-11-29 }} External links{{commons category|Hamina}}
8 : Hamina|Cities and towns in Finland|Populated coastal places in Finland|Municipalities of Kymenlaakso|Grand Duchy of Finland|Port cities and towns in Finland|Populated places established in 1653|1653 establishments in Sweden |
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