| 词条 | Hammerskins |
| 释义 |
|name = Hammerskin Nation |image = Hammerskin Nation logo.jpg |size = 90px |abbreviation = HSN |caption = Logo of the Hammerskins |formation = 1988 |extinction = |type =
|purpose =
|affiliations =
|founder = |key_people = |location = United States and other countries (Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Hungary, Sweden, Luxembourg, Switzerland, and Portugal) | website = }} The Hammerskins (also known as Hammerskin Nation) are a white supremacist group formed in 1988 in Dallas, Texas.[3] Their primary focus is the production and promotion of white power rock music,[4][5] and many white power bands have been affiliated with the group. The Hammerskins were affiliated with the record label 9% Productions. The Hammerskins host several annual concerts, including Hammerfest, an annual event in both the United States and Europe in honor of deceased Hammerskin Joe Rowan, the lead singer of the band Nordic Thunder.[3] It was one of the most prominent American white power skinhead groups.[6] The Anti-Defamation League describes them as the United States' best-organized neo-Nazi skinhead group,[3] with the Hammerskin Nation website boasting six chapters in the United States and chapters existing in Canada, various European countries, New Zealand, and Australia.[7] The Hammerskins also have supporter chapters, known as Crew 38, in most of these countries. HistoryThe Hammerskins emerged in the late 1980s from the Dallas based Confederate Hammerskins.[8] Their name is based on a scene in the 1982 film Pink Floyd – The Wall.[9] Power struggles have since split the group into several factions.[10] Many Outlaw Hammerskins members attended the 2002 NordicFest, and the group was planning to provide security for a white pride festival hosted by the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.[3] The Outlaw Hammerskins are now defunct.[11] Many of its members have been convicted of harassment, assault[12] and even murder.[3] On August 5, 2012, Hammerskin Wade Michael Page was shot by police and died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head after he killed six people in a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin.[13] Page had become a "fully patched" member of the Hammerskins in autumn 2011, according to the Anti-Defamation League. He played in at least three Hammerskin-affiliated bands; End Apathy, Definite Hate and 13 Knots.[13][14] According to media sources and civil rights organizations, End Apathy, Wade's main band, had played at several recent Hammerskin events in the United States prior to the shooting-spree.[13] However, there are several differences between chapters, which pursue different goals and have different political positions on racism, nationalism and patriotism. In some chapters, like the Italian one, despite several and constant investigations for crimes like inciting hatred, racial discrimination and apology for fascism, no convictions were ever made to prove their guilt.[15] Symbolism and mottoThe Hammerskins logo, depicting two claw hammers crossed, is based on[16] a fictitious neo-nazi organization depicted in the 1982 film Pink Floyd – The Wall. The portrayal of the fictional group in the film was intended to show Nazism negatively.[3] Their logo and the motto "Hammerskins forever, forever hammerskins" ("H.F.F.H.") often appear in their paraphernalia and tattoos. Crew 38 and Hammerskins members also frequently identify themselves with the slogan "838", meaning "hail [the] crossed hammers" (the acronym H.C.H. translates into the eighth, third and eighth letters of the alphabet).[17] See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/white-hate-group-campaign-of-menace-rise-above-movement|title=Racist, violent, unpunished: A white hate group’s campaign of menace — ProPublica|date=2017-10-19|website=ProPublica|language=en-us|others=A.C. Thompson,Ali Winston,Darwin BondGraham|access-date=2017-10-20}} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/heres-why-hugging-white-supremacists-is-counterproductive-to-justice|title=White Supremacists Don't Deserve Hugs|last=Blades|first=Lincoln Anthony|work=Teen Vogue|access-date=2017-10-29|language=en}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=The Hammerskin Nation|url=http://archive.adl.org/learn/ext_us/hammerskin.html?xpicked=3&item=15|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=17 October 2014}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Helbig|first1=Felix|title=Europas Neonazis feiern sich selbst|url=http://www.fr-online.de/politik/hammerskins-europas-neonazis-feiern-sich-selbst,1472596,20788206.html|publisher=Frankfurter Rundschau|accessdate=17 October 2014|language=German|date=4 November 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web|last1=Schmidt|first1=W.|last2=Speit|first2=A.|title=Hetzjagd auf der Bühne|url=http://www.taz.de/!108876/|publisher=Die Tageszeitung|accessdate=17 October 2014|language=German|date=11 January 2013}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Simi|first1=Pete|last2=Futrell|first2=Robert|title=American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movement's Hidden Spaces of Hate|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=1442202106}} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Yenko|first1=Athena|title=Anti-Muslim, Anti-Asian, Islamophobic extremists, Anti-Jewish -- Australia Has All The Hate Gangs|url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/568905/20141008/hate-gangs-racist-preachers-tony-abbott.htm#.VEEQTha-7ac|publisher=International Business Times|accessdate=17 October 2014|date=8 October 2014}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Reynolds|first1=Michael|title=Hammerskin Nation Emerges from Small Dallas Group|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/1999/fall/hammerskin-nation|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|accessdate=17 October 2014|date=1999}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Atkins|first1=Stephen E.|title=Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism In Modern American History|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=1598843508|pages=117–118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7ad8GzRf0QC&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=Hammerskins&f=false}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Kontos|first1=Louis|last2=Brotherton|first2=David C.|title=Encyclopedia of gangs|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=0313334021|pages=217–218}} 11. ^{{cite web|last1=Holthouse|first1=David|title=Motley Crews: With Decline of Hammerskins, Independent Skinhead Groups Grow|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2006/fall/motley-crews?page=0,1|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|accessdate=17 October 2014|date=2006}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Portugese leider rechtsradicale Hammerskins krijgt celstraf|url=http://www.demorgen.be/buitenland/portugese-leider-rechtsradicale-hammerskins-krijgt-celstraf-a438840/|publisher=De Morgen|accessdate=17 October 2014|language=Dutch|date=3 October 2008}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Leitsinger|first1=Miranda|title=Experts: Alleged temple gunman Wade Michael Page led neo-Nazi band, had deep extremist ties|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/06/13147115-experts-alleged-temple-gunman-wade-michael-page-led-neo-nazi-band-had-deep-extremist-ties?lite|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=17 October 2014|date=6 August 2012}} 14. ^{{cite web|last1=Beirich|first1=Heidi|last2=Potok|first2=Mark|title=Alleged Sikh temple shooter former member of Skinhead band|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/alleged-sikh-temple-shooter-former-member-of-skinhead-band|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|accessdate=17 October 2014|date=6 August 2012}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www1.interno.gov.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/assets/files/26/2013_06_13_Cimbro_On._n._2-00083.pdf|format=PDF|title=Interpellanza urgente n. 2-00083 dell’On. Eleonora Cimbro ed altri sugli intendimenti del Governo circa la sussistenza dei presupposti per la chiusura della skinhouse di Bollate (Milano). Interviene il Sottosegretario di Stato Domenico Manzione|website=1.interno.gov.it|accessdate=24 August 2018}} 16. ^{{citebook|title=Terrorism and Violent Extremism Awareness Guide|isbn=9780660035055|year=2016|publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police|page=41}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=The Hammerskin Forum at Crew38.com|url=http://www.crew38.com/forum38/content.php|publisher=Crew 38|accessdate=17 October 2014}} External links
4 : 1988 establishments in Texas|Neo-Nazi organizations in the United States|Neo-Nazi musical groups|Organizations established in 1988 |
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