| 词条 | Hard science fiction |
| 释义 |
Stories revolving around scientific and technical consistency were written as early as the 1870s with the publication of Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea in 1870 , among other stories. The attention to detail in Verne's work became an inspiration for many future scientists and explorers, although Verne himself denied writing as a scientist or seriously predicting machines and technology of the future. Scientific rigorHugo Gernsback believed from the beginning of his involvement with science fiction in the 1920s that the stories should be instructive,[9] although it was not long before he found it necessary to print fantastical and unscientific fiction in Amazing Stories to attract readers.[10] During Gernsback's long absence from SF publishing, from 1936 to 1953, the field evolved away from his focus on facts and education.[11][13] The Golden Age of Science Fiction is generally considered to have started in the late 1930s and lasted until the mid-1940s, bringing with it "a quantum jump in quality, perhaps the greatest in the history of the genre", according to science fiction historians Peter Nicholls and Mike Ashley.[12] However, Gernsback's views were unchanged. In his editorial in the first issue of Science-Fiction Plus, he gave his view of the modern sf story: "the fairy tale brand, the weird or fantastic type of what mistakenly masquerades under the name of Science-Fiction today!" and he stated his preference for "truly scientific, prophetic Science-Fiction with the full accent on SCIENCE".[13] In the same editorial, Gernsback called for patent reform to give science fiction authors the right to create patents for ideas without having patent models because many of their ideas predated the technical progress needed to develop specifications for their ideas. The introduction referenced the numerous prescient technologies described throughout Ralph 124C 41+.[14]The heart of the "hard SF" designation is the relationship of the science content and attitude to the rest of the narrative, and (for some readers, at least) the "hardness" or rigor of the science itself.[15] One requirement for hard SF is procedural or intentional: a story should try to be accurate, logical, credible and rigorous in its use of current scientific and technical knowledge about which technology, phenomena, scenarios and situations that are practically and/or theoretically possible. For example, the development of concrete proposals for spaceships, space stations, space missions, and a US space program in the 1950s and 1960s influenced a widespread proliferation of "hard" space stories.[16] Later discoveries do not necessarily invalidate the label of hard SF, as evidenced by P. Schuyler Miller, who called Arthur C. Clarke's 1961 novel A Fall of Moondust hard SF,[3] and the designation remains valid even though a crucial plot element, the existence of deep pockets of "moondust" in lunar craters, is now known to be incorrect. There is a degree of flexibility in how far from "real science" a story can stray before it leaves the realm of hard SF.[17] HSF authors scrupulously avoid such technology as faster-than-light travel (of which there are alternatives[18] endorsed by [https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/warp/warp.html nasa]), while authors writing softer SF accept such notions (sometimes referred to as "enabling devices", since they allow the story to take place)[19] Readers of "hard SF" often try to find inaccuracies in stories. For example, a group at MIT concluded that the planet Mesklin in Hal Clement's 1953 novel Mission of Gravity would have had a sharp edge at the equator, and a Florida high-school class calculated that in Larry Niven's 1970 novel Ringworld the topsoil would have slid into the seas in a few thousand years.[7] The same book featured another inaccuracy: the eponymous Ringworld is not in a stable orbit and would crash into the sun without active stabilization. Niven fixed these errors in his sequel The Ringworld Engineers, and noted them in the foreword. Films set in outer space that aspire to the hard SF label try to minimize the artistic liberties taken for the sake of practicality of effect. Factors include:{{cn|date=March 2019}}
Representative works{{refimprove|date=April 2016}}Arranged chronologically by publication year. Short stories
Novels
Films
Television
Anime / Manga
Visual novels
See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book|last=Nicholls|first=Peter|editor1-last=Clute|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Nicholls |editor2-first=Peter|title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcwnQAAACAAJ|year=1995|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|isbn=978-0-312-13486-0}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Wolfe|first=Gary K.|authorlink=Gary K. Wolfe|title=Critical terms for science fiction and fantasy: a glossary and guide to scholarship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StxZAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-22981-7}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/1674|title=hard science fiction n.|accessdate=2007-10-07|date=2005-07-25|work=Science fiction citations|publisher=Jesse's word|quote=Earliest cite: P. Schuyler Miller in Astounding Science Fiction ... he called A Fall of Moondust "hard" science fiction}}{{dead link|date=March 2019}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Hartwell|first1=David G.|authorlink1=David G. Hartwell|last2=Cramer|first2=Kathryn|authorlink2=Kathryn Cramer|title=The Hard SF Renaissance: An Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2XHHpukOfYC|year=2003|publisher=Tom Doherty Associates|isbn=978-1-4299-7517-9|chapter=Introduction: New People, New Places, New Politics}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Westfahl|first=Gary|authorlink=Gary Westfahl|title=Cosmic Engineers: A Study of Hard Science Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKpZAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-29727-4|page=2|chapter=Introduction|quote=hard science fiction ... the term was first used by P. Schuyler Miller in 1957}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/1843|title=soft science fiction n.|accessdate=2007-10-07|date=2005-07-25|work=Science fiction citations|publisher=Jesse's word|quote=Soft science fiction, probably a back-formation from Hard Science Fiction}}) 7. ^1 {{Cite book|last=Westfahl|first=Gary|authorlink=Gary Westfahl|editor-last=Seed|editor-first=David|chapter=Hard Science Fiction|title=A Companion to Science Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiphRocVYRwC&pg=PA187|date=June 9, 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-79701-3|pages=195–8}} 8. ^Ashley (2005), p. 381. 9. ^Ashley (2000), p. 50. 10. ^Ashley (2000), p. 54. 11. ^Ashley (2004), p. 252. 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/golden_age_of_sf|title=Golden Age of SF|last=Nicholls|first=Peter|last2=Ashley|first2=Mike|date=April 9, 2015|website=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|publisher=Gollancz|access-date=June 15, 2016}} 13. ^1 Lawler (1985), pp. 541–545. 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Science_Fiction_Plus_v01n01_1953-03_Gorgon776|title=Science Fiction Plus v01n01}} 15. ^{{cite journal |last=Samuelson |first=David N. |date=July 1993 | title=Modes of Extrapolation: The Formulas of Hard Science Fiction | journal=Science Fiction Studies | volume=part 2 | issue=60 |series=20 | url=http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/abstracts/a60.htm | accessdate=2007-10-07 }} 16. ^{{cite journal |last=Westfahl |first=Gary |date=July 1993 |title= The Closely Reasoned Technological Story: The Critical History of Hard Science Fiction |journal=Science Fiction Studies |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=141–142}} 17. ^{{cite journal |last=Westfahl |first=G. |date=July 1993 |title='The Closely Reasoned Technological Story': The Critical History of Hard Science Fiction |journal=Science Fiction Studies |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=157–175 |jstor=4240246 |publisher=SF-TH Inc}} 18. ^{{cite web | title=Methods of Interstellar Propulsion | url=https://tauzero.aero/making-progress/propulsion-ideas/ | accessdate=2018-07-10 }} 19. ^{{cite web |last=Chiang |first=T. |title=Time travel is one of the trickiest SF/F tropes to use well |date=April 15, 2009 |url=http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2009/04/mind-meld-time-travel/ |accessdate=2009-04-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422143721/http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2009/04/mind-meld-time-travel/ |archivedate=April 22, 2009 |df= }} 20. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book |editor1-last=Hartwell |editor1-first=David G. |editor2-last=Cramer |editor2-first=Kathryn |title=The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF |url=http://ebbs.english.vt.edu/exper/kcramer/anth/Part1.html |isbn=978-0-312-85509-3 |year=1994 |publisher=Published by Tom Doherty Associates, Inc. |location=New York |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509182634/http://ebbs.english.vt.edu/exper/kcramer/anth/Part1.html |archivedate=2008-05-09 |df= }} 21. ^The short story "Surface Tension" has also been described as an exemplar of soft science fiction. ({{cite book|title=Fiction 2000|first=Carol|last=McGuirk|section=The 'New' Romancers|editor1-first=George Edgar|editor1-last=Slusser|editor2-first=T. A.|editor2-last=Shippey|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=1992|isbn=9780820314495|pages=109–125}}) 22. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Hartwell |first1=David G. |authorlink1=David G. Hartwell |last2=Cramer |first2=Kathryn |authorlink2=Kathryn Cramer |title=The Hard SF Renaissance |year=2002 |isbn=0-312-87635-1 |publisher=Tor |location=New York}} 23. ^{{cite web |last=Aylott |first=Chris |title=The Humans Were Flat but the Cheela Were Charming in 'Dragon's Egg' |url=http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/books/dragons_egg_000330.html |accessdate=2009-01-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611100632/http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/books/dragons_egg_000330.html |archivedate=2008-06-11 |df= }} Some editions also include a preface by Larry Niven, admitting that "I couldn't have written it; it required too much real physics" 24. ^{{cite web |last=Alyott |first=Chris |title=The Vanishing Martian |date=2000-06-20 |url=http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/mars_three_visions_991130.html |accessdate=2008-07-20 |publisher=SPACE.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818141216/http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/mars_three_visions_991130.html |archivedate=2000-08-18}} 25. ^{{cite web |last=Horton |first=Richard R. |title=Blue Mars review |date=1997-02-21 |url=http://www.sff.net/people/richard.horton/bluemars.htm |accessdate=2008-07-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511164344/http://www.sff.net/people/richard.horton/bluemars.htm |archivedate=2008-05-11 |df= }} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gregegan.net/SCHILD/SCHILD.html|title=Schild’s Ladder|publisher=}} 27. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://www.tor.com/2014/11/17/hard-science-fiction-films/|title=Contemplate Your Place in the Universe with Hard Sci-Fi Film Classics!|date=17 November 2014|publisher=}} 28. ^{{cite web |title=Colossus, the Forbin Project |url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/colossus_the_forbin_project |website=SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |publisher=Site ©2011 Gollancz, SFE content ©2011-2019 SFE Ltd. |accessdate=February 6, 2019}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://best-sci-fi-books.com/23-best-hard-science-fiction-books/|title=23 Best Hard Science Fiction Books – The Best Science Fiction Books|date=28 February 2015|publisher=}} References{{Reflist}}Further reading
External links
2 : Hard science fiction|Science fiction genres |
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