“Hare Krishna (mantra)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sanskrit is a polysemic language and as such, this mantra has multiple interpretations all of which may be considered as correct. "Hare" can be interpreted as either the vocative form of Hari, another name of Vishnu meaning "he who removes illusion". Another interpretation is as the vocative of Harā,^[5] a name of Rādhā,^[6] Krishna's eternal consort or His energy (Krishna's Shakti). According to A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Harā refers to "the energy/shakti of Supreme Personality of Godhead" while Krishna and Rama refer to Supreme Godhead Himself, meaning "He who is All-Attractive" and "He who is the Source of All Pleasure".^[7]^[8] In the hymn Vishnu Sahasranama spoken by Bhishma in praise of Krishna after the Kurukshetra War, Krishna is also called Rama.^[9]

It is sometimes believed that "Rama" in "Hare Rama" means "Radharamana" or the beloved of Radha (another name for Kṛṣṇa). The more common interpretation is that Rāma refers to Rama of the Ramayana, an earlier avatar of Krishna. "Rama can also be a shortened form of Balarama, Krishna's first expansion."^[10] The mantra is repeated, either sung out loud (bhajan), congregationally (kirtan) or to oneself aloud or mentally (japa). A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami describes the process of chanting the Maha Mantra as follows:

History

The mantra is first attested in the {{IAST|Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad}} (Kali Santarana Upanishads), a Vaishnava Upanishad associated with the Krishna Yajurveda. In this Upanishad, Narada is instructed by Brahma (in the translation of K. N. Aiyar):

The mantra was popularized by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu roughly around 1500 C.E. when he began his mission to spread this mantra publicly to "every town and village" in the world, travelling throughout India, and especially within the areas of Bengal and Odisha.^[13] Some versions of the Kali Santarana Upanishad give the mantra with Hare Rama preceding Hare Krishna(as quoted above), and others with Hare Krishna preceding Hare Rama, as in Navadvipa version of the manuscript. The latter format is by far the more common within the Vaishnava traditions.^[14] It is a common belief that the mantra is equally potent when spoken in either order.^[15]

Hippie culture

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Hare Krishnas became confused with the hippie counterculture. This was an erroneous association, as the ideals of these groups are quite different. Although Prabhupada was open to anyone becoming a member of the Hare Krishnas, they had to follow the four regulative principles, one of which is strict abstention from intoxicants, including cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names.^[17] These four principles (or "Four Commandments" as once Srila Prabhupada referred to them as), are no meat eating, including fish or eggs, no gambling, no intoxication including coffee or tea, and no illicit sex. Elevation and joy are to be derived from chanting God's holy names.

The hippie Broadway musical "Hair" has a song, "Hare Krishna" with the mantra in it, along with some additional lyrics.

Popular culture

The Hare Krishna mantra appears in a number of famous songs, notably those by Boy George in "Bow Down Mister" by his band Jesus Loves You, the Beatles (in the lyrics of George Harrison and John Lennon), and has been at the No. 1 spot on the UK Singles Charts on more than one occasion, through Harrison's solo single "My Sweet Lord". Harrison put a Hare Krishna sticker on the back of the headstock of Eric Clapton's 1964 Gibson ES-335; the sticker also appears on Gibson's 2005 reproduction of the guitar.

Produced by Harrison, Radha Krishna Temple's recording "Hare Krishna Mantra" was issued as a single on the Beatles' Apple record label in 1969. The single was a commercial success, peaking at No. 12 in the UK, and led to the Temple devotees appearing on the popular British music chart television programme Top of the Pops.

The mantra also appears in the Pretenders' song "Boots of Chinese Plastic" from their 2008 album, Break Up the Concrete.^[19] Stevie Wonder used the devotees chanting Hare Krishna in his song "Pastime Paradise".

Less well-known but equally relevant to fans of pop music culture are recordings of the Hare Krishna mantra by the Fugs on their 1968 album Tenderness Junction (featuring poet Allen Ginsberg), by Nina Hagen, and by Hüsker Dü on their 1984 album Zen Arcade.^[20] Kula Shaker, Boy George, and members of the Rubettes have recorded music tracks about Krishna Consciousness.

In a 2010 experimental study involving both devotees and non-devotees, singing vowels like "ah" and "eh" was found to be more joyful than singing vowels like "oh" and "uh", possibly due to a facial feedback effect.^[21]

Scriptural references

The practice of chanting the Hare Krishna mantra is recommended in the Puranas, the Pancharatra, and throughout Vaishnava literature in general.^[22] For example:

See also

Footnotes

1. ^{{Cite news| url=http://www.krishna.com/info/hare-krishna-mantra|title= Hare Krishna mantra| work= Krishna }}
2. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.iskconhk.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=115&lang=en|title= Chant and be happy|work= iskcon }}
3. ^Caitanya Caritamrta Ml.20.340 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203015/http://caitanyacaritamrta.com/madhya/20/340/en1 |date=12 March 2007 }}.
4. ^Religion Encyclopedia – Hare Krishna (ISKCON) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701152023/http://www.religion-encyclopedia.com/H/hare_krishna.htm |date=1 July 2007 }}
5. ^Meditations on the Hare Krishna Mahamantra "[Hare] = O Hari!...." & "Because she steals Krishna's mind and because she is the embodiment of Krishna's divine joy, Sri Radha is known as Harā. Hare is the vocative form of that name".
6. ^{{cite book | author = Rosen, S. | year = 2006 | title = Essential Hinduism | publisher = Praeger Publishers | isbn = 0-275-99006-0}}P.4: It was preserved in the confidential sampradayas, or esoteric lineages, that were guardian to these truths from the beginning. p.244:In a more esoteric sense, the word "Hare" is a vocative form of "Harā," which refers to Mother Harā, or Sri Radha.
7. ^"The word Harā is a form of addressing the energy of the Lord, and the words Krishna and Rama (which mean "the highest pleasure eternal") are forms of addressing the Lord Himself." – A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. See Krishna.com article.
8. ^Gaudiya.com – Practice "Rama is another name for Him [Krishna], meaning the one who brings delight to Radha".
9. ^{{cite book|author=T. V. Gopal|title=Hrishikesa: Krishna – A Natural Evolution|publisher=Universal Publishers|location=Parkland, Fla|year=2000|page=101|isbn=1-58112-732-4}}
10. ^Chaitanya Charitamrita Adi-5.132 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225603/http://caitanyacaritamrta.com/adi/5/132/en1 |date=27 September 2007 }} "if someone says that the "Rama" in "Hare Rama" is Lord Ramacandra and someone else says that the "Rama" in "Hare Rama" is Sri Balarama, both are correct".
11. ^For the original text, see this Krishna.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030230225/http://www.krishna.com/main.php?id=316 |date=30 October 2005 }} article.
12. ^[https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/kalisantarana_upan.html?lang=sa Kalisantarana Upanishat]
13. ^gaudiya.com.
14. ^Steven J. Rosen, Vaiṣṇavism: contemporary scholars discuss the Gauḍīya tradition {{ISBN|81-208-1235-2}}, p. 274.
15. ^No Water in the Desert {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004208/http://www.prabhupadavani.org/Bhagavatam/text/368.html |date=27 September 2007 }} Bombay, 12 December 1974: "Sometimes they first of all place "Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare." And sometimes they place "Hare Krsna, Hare Krsna, Krsna Krsna..." There is no difference. Sometimes they say, "No, it should be Hare Rama first." Sometimes they..., "No, Hare Krsna." But that is not very important".
16. ^Biography of Srila Prabhupada {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316035911/http://www.prabhupada.com/biography.html |date=16 March 2007 }}.
17. ^Hare Krishnas and ISKCON {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428124630/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/iskcon.html |date=28 April 2007 }} "These physical pleasures, the eating of fish, meat or eggs, the use of intoxicants, illicit sex, and gambling and frivoulous sports, are called the four regulative principles. Because of the rejection of these pleasures, Krishnas practice a strict vegetarian lifestyle."
18. ^Hare Krishna Tree.
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/boots-of-chinese-plastic-lyrics-pretenders.html |title=Pretenders – Boots of Chinese Plastic Lyrics |publisher=Metrolyrics.com |date= |accessdate=2009-11-01}}
20. ^Radha Krsna Temple.
21. ^Böttger, D. (2010) To say "Krishna" is to smile – emotion psychology and the neurology of mantra singing. In "The Varieties of Ritual Experience" (ed. Jan Weinhold & {{ill|Geoffrey Samuel|fr}}) in the series "Ritual Dynamics and the Science of Ritual", Volume II: "Body, performance, agency and experience". Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZkgFTzlX14 Video summary]
22. ^References to the Maha Mantra (pdf).

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