| 词条 | Akira (1988 film) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Akira | image = AKIRA (1988 poster).jpg | alt = | caption = Japanese theatrical poster | director = Katsuhiro Otomo | producer = {{plainlist|
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
| based on = {{based on|Akira|Katsuhiro Otomo}} | starring = {{plainlist|
| music = Shōji Yamashiro | cinematography = Katsuji Misawa | editing = Takeshi Seyama | studio = Tokyo Movie Shinsha | distributor = Toho | released = {{Film date|1988|07|16}} | runtime = 124 minutes | country = Japan | language = Japanese | budget = {{¥|1.1 billion|link=yes}}[1] ({{US$|{{#expr:1100/128 round 0}} million|long=no}})[2] | gross = {{¥|1.5 billion}} {{small|(Japan)}} $49 million {{small|(worldwide)}}[3] }}Akira (Japanese: アキラ Hepburn: Akira) is a 1988 Japanese animated post-apocalyptic cyberpunk film directed by Katsuhiro Otomo, produced by Ryōhei Suzuki and Shunzō Katō, and written by Otomo and Izo Hashimoto, based on Otomo's manga of the same name. The film had a production budget of {{JPY|1.1 billion|link=yes}}[1] ({{US$|{{#expr:1100/128 round 0}} million|long=no}}),[2] making it the most expensive anime film of its time.[6] Set in a dystopian 2019, Akira tells the story of Shōtarō Kaneda, a leader of a local biker gang whose childhood friend, Tetsuo Shima, acquires incredible telekinetic abilities after a motorcycle accident, eventually threatening an entire military complex amidst chaos and rebellion in the sprawling futuristic metropolis of Neo-Tokyo. While most of the character designs and settings were adapted from the manga, the plot differs considerably and removes much of the last half of the manga. Akira premiered in Japan on 16 July 1988 by Toho, and was released the following year in the United States by pioneering animation distributor Streamline Pictures. It garnered an international cult following following its theatrical and VHS releases, eventually earning over $80{{nbsp}}million worldwide from home video sales.[7] It is widely considered by critics to be one of the greatest animated and science fiction films of all time, as well as a landmark in Japanese animation.[3][4][5][6][7] It is also a landmark film in the cyberpunk genre, particularly the Japanese cyberpunk subgenre,[13] as well as adult animation.[14] The film had a significant impact on popular culture worldwide, paving the way for the growth of anime and Japanese popular culture in the Western world as well as influencing numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games.[3][14][17]PlotA singularity destroys Tokyo. Neo-Tokyo is rebuilt but is plagued by corruption, anti-government protests, terrorism, and gang violence. During a large protest, the hot-headed Shōtarō Kaneda leads his vigilante bōsōzoku gang, the Capsules, against their rivals, the Clowns. Kaneda's best friend, Tetsuo Shima, inadvertently crashes his motorcycle into Takashi, an esper who escaped from a government laboratory with the aid of a resistance organization. The accident awakens psychic powers in Tetsuo, attracting the attention of a secret government project directed by Japan Self-Defense Forces Colonel Shikishima. Assisted by esper Masaru, Shikishima recaptures Takashi, takes Tetsuo with him, and arrests Kaneda and his gang. While being interrogated by the police, Kaneda meets Kei, an activist belonging to the resistance movement, and tricks the authorities into releasing her and his gang. Shikishima and his head of research, Doctor Ōnishi discover that Tetsuo possesses powerful psychic abilities similar to Akira, the esper responsible for Tokyo's destruction. Takashi and Masaru’s fellow esper, Kiyoko, forewarns Shikishima of Neo-Tokyo's impending destruction. Neo-Tokyo's parliament dismisses Shikishima's concerns, so he considers killing Tetsuo to prevent another cataclysm. Tetsuo escapes from the hospital, steals Kaneda's motorcycle, and prepares to run away from Neo-Tokyo with his girlfriend Kaori. The Clowns ambush them, and the Capsules intervene. While the Capsules are apprehending them, Tetsuo suffers headaches and hallucinations, and he is taken back to the hospital. Researching Tetsuo, Kaneda finds Kei and joins her resistance cell after overhearing their plan to rescue Tetsuo and the other espers. At the hospital, the espers confront Tetsuo as he aggressively fights back with his psychokinetic powers, which make him egomaniacal and unstable; he escapes again. Kaneda, Kei, and the resistance group infiltrate the hospital and are drawn into Shikishima and the espers' attempt to stop Tetsuo. He overpowers them all and leaves the hospital after learning from Kiyoko that he can gain help from Akira, located in cryonic storage beneath the Olympic Stadium's construction site. Using Kei as a medium, Kiyoko and Kaneda escape military custody, hoping to stop Tetsuo. Shikishima stages a coup d'état against the Neo-Tokyo government and directs all of its military forces to destroy Tetsuo. Returning to the Capsules' former hangout to obtain drugs to control his powers, Tetsuo murders a gang member; upon discovering this, Kaneda vows to avenge him. Tetsuo rampages through Neo-Tokyo, arriving at Akira's cryogenic storage dewar in the stadium. Kiyoko has Kei fight Tetsuo. He easily defeats her and exhumes Akira's remains. Using a laser rifle, Kaneda fights Tetsuo in a duel; Shikishima fires an orbital weapon at him, but it fails. Shikishima and Kaori approach the stadium; Tetsuo is in great pain and losing control over his powers. Shikishima offers to return Tetsuo to the hospital, heal his injuries, and help control his abilities, while Kaori attempts to restrain Tetsuo. However, Kaneda arrives and duels with Tetsuo once again. Losing control of his powers, Tetsuo mutates into a gigantic mass consuming all matter, engulfing Kaneda and killing Kaori. As the mass grows, the espers awaken Akira to stop it. After reuniting with his friends, Akira creates a singularity that draws Tetsuo and Kaneda into another dimension. The espers teleport Shikishima to a safe distance as the singularity destroys Neo-Tokyo in a mirror of Tokyo's previous destruction, and they agree to rescue Kaneda, knowing that they will not be able to return to this dimension. In the singularity, Kaneda experiences Tetsuo's and the espers' childhood, including Tetsuo's dependence on Kaneda during their childhood, and how the children were trained and altered before Tokyo's destruction. The espers return Kaneda to his world, informing him that Akira will take Tetsuo to safety and that Kei is developing psychic powers. The singularity disappears and water floods the city. Kaneda discovers that Kei and Kai have survived, and they drive off into the ruins, while Shikishima watches the sunrise. Finally in control of his powers, Tetsuo triggers a big bang to create a parallel universe as God. Voice cast
ProductionWhile working on the Akira comic, Katsuhiro Otomo did not intend to adapt the series outside of the manga; however, he became "very intrigued" when the offer to develop his work for the screen was put before him.[10] He agreed to an anime film adaptation of the series on the grounds that he retained creative control of the project — this insistence was based on his experiences working on Harmagedon.[18] The Akira Committee was the name given to a partnership of several major Japanese entertainment companies brought together to realize production of an Akira film. The group's assembly was necessitated by the unconventionally high budget of around ¥1,100,000,000, intended to achieve the desired epic standard equal to Otomo's over 2,000-page manga tale. The committee consisted of Kodansha, Mainichi Broadcasting System, Bandai, Hakuhodo, Toho, Laserdisc Corporation and Sumitomo Corporation who all forwarded money and promotion towards the film. The animation for the film was provided for by animation producers, Tokyo Movie Shinsha (now TMS Entertainment).[23] At the time, most anime were notorious for cutting production corners with limited animation, such as having only the characters' mouths move with basic lip sync while their faces remained static. Akira broke from this trend with detailed scenes, pre-scored dialogue (wherein the dialogue is recorded before the film starts production and the movements of the characters' lips are animated to match it;[11] a first for an anime production, although the voice actors did perform with the aid of animatics),[12] and super-fluid motion as realized in the film's more than 160,000 animation cels.[13] Computer-generated imagery was also used in the film (created by High-Tech Lab. Japan Inc. and the cooperative companies for computer graphics, Sumisho Electronic Systems, Inc. and Wavefront Technologies), primarily to animate the pattern indicator used by Doctor Ōnishi, but it was additionally used to plot the paths of falling objects, model parallax effects on backgrounds, and tweak lighting and lens flares.[12] Unlike its live-action predecessors, Akira also had the budget to show a fully realized futuristic Tokyo. The film's production budget was {{JPY|1.1 billion|link=yes}}[1] ({{US$|{{#expr:1100/128 round 0}} million|long=no}}),[2] making it the most expensive anime film of its time.[14] The teaser trailer for Akira was released in 1987. The film's main production was completed in 1987, with sound recording and mixing performed in early 1988. It was released in 1988, two years before the manga officially ended in 1990. Otomo is claimed to have filled 2,000 pages of notebooks, containing various ideas and character designs for the film, but the final storyboard consisted of a trimmed-down 738 pages.[12] He had great difficulty completing the manga; Otomo has stated that the inspiration for its conclusion arose from a conversation that he had with Alejandro Jodorowsky in 1990.[15] He later recalled that the film project had to begin with the writing of an ending that would bring suitable closure to major characters, storylines, and themes without being extraordinarily lengthy, so that he could know in reverse order which manga elements would make the cut into the anime and thus suitably resolve the manga's various elements into a lean, two-hour story.[16] Otomo is a big fan of Tetsujin 28-go. As a result, his naming conventions match the characters featured in Tetsujin 28-go: Kaneda shares his name with the protagonist of Tetsujin 28-go; Colonel Shikishima shares his name with Professor Shikishima of Tetsujin 28-go, while Tetsuo is named after Shikishima's son Tetsuo Shikishima; Akira{{'}}s Ryūsaku is named after Ryūsaku Murasame. In addition, Takashi has a "26" tattooed on his hand which closely resembles the font used in Tetsujin 28-go. The namesake of the series, Akira, is the 28th in a line of psychics that the government has developed, the same number as Tetsujin-28.[16] ReleasesBox officeAt the Japanese box office, the film had a distribution income of {{¥|750 million}} in 1988.[17] This was equivalent to a total Japanese box office gross of approximately {{¥|1.5 billion}},[18] as the distribution income represents about half of the box office gross at the time.[19] Akira was released by Toho on 16 July 1988. Fledgling North American distribution company Streamline Pictures soon acquired an existing English-language rendition created by Electric Media Inc.[8] for Kodansha,[20] which saw limited release in North American theaters on 25 December 1989.[21] Streamline became the film's distributor.[22] In the UK, Akira was theatrically released by Island Visual Arts on 25 January 1991,[23] and was re-released on 13 July 2013 celebrating the 25th anniversary of the film and again on 21 September 2016. In Australia, Akira was theatrically released by Ronin Films.[24] In Canada, the Streamline dub was released by Lionsgate (at the time known as C/FP Distribution), who would eventually become Manga Entertainment's owner through their media operating unit Starz Distribution, in 1990. In 2001, Pioneer released a new English dub which was produced by Animaze and ZRO Limit Productions and was presented in select theaters from March through December 2001. GKIDS later announced that it would distribute the film within North America, with a theatrical release scheduled for December 2018.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} In total, the film has grossed {{US$|49 million|long=no}} at the worldwide box office.[3]Home mediaVHS releases included the initial Streamline Video offering (May 1991), later wider distribution by MGM/UA Home Video, and a subtitled edition from Orion Home Video (September 1993). In the UK, Akira was released on video by Island World Communications in 1991. The film went on to earn over $80{{nbsp}}million worldwide from home video sales.[25] The success of this release led to the creation of Manga Entertainment, who later took over the release. The original VHS release of Akira started up Manga Entertainment Australia and VHS distribution was handled by Ronin Films and PolyGram until 1994 when Siren Entertainment took over all of Manga Entertainment Australia's distribution including Akira under a special license from PolyGram, who handled Island's video distribution. Akira was re-released on video in 1994, and again on DVD in 2001 and distributed by Madman Entertainment and The AV Channel. Pioneer Entertainment issued a DVD and a VHS with a new English dub (the dub produced by Animaze) in 2001. This was one of the few releases from Geneon to feature THX-certified audio and video. In 2002, Manga released a two-disc DVD featuring the new Pioneer/Animaze English dub followed in 2004 by another two-disc set containing the original Japanese as well as both the Streamline and Pioneer/Animaze dubs. This version did not contain standard English subtitles, only closed captioning subtitles. In 2005, Manga Entertainment and Boulevard UMD released Akira on UMD for the Sony PSP in the United Kingdom using the original Streamline dub.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} In 1992, video-distribution company the Criterion Collection, which specializes in licensing "important classic and contemporary films", released a LaserDisc edition of Akira.[26][27] The release is notable in that Akira is the first animated film to be released by Criterion and for more than twenty years their sole animated film to be released until their 2014 Blu-ray/DVD release of Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009).[28] A Blu-ray disc edition of the film was released on 24 February 2009 in North America by Bandai Entertainment under the Honneamise label.[29][30] A Blu-ray edition of Akira was subsequently released in Australia by Madman Entertainment under exclusive license from Manga Entertainment UK and Kodansha.[31] Madman has recently released a DVD/Blu-ray combo which license is separate from the standalone Blu-ray release because instead of the DVD version being the Manga Video UK version, it uses Madman/Manga's 2001 Special Edition DVD release which is licensed from Manga UK. The Blu-ray release is the very first to use the highest sampling rate currently possible (Japanese Dolby TrueHD 192 kHz because of its analog roots) and is also the first to use the hypersonic effect (only available in this track and via a high-end audio system). As well as Japanese with English subtitles, the Blu-ray also features the 2001 Pioneer/Animaze English dub (Dolby TrueHD 48 kHz). The DVD version of Akira has been re-released in 2012 by Bandai Entertainment. The film was licensed again by Funimation following Bandai Entertainment's closure shortly after its DVD release.[32] The Funimation release includes both the Streamline and Pioneer dubs.[33] Funimation released the 25th anniversary Blu-ray/DVD combo and separate DVD release on 12 November 2013, which contain both English dubs.[34] Best Buy released a limited edition exclusive Blu-ray Steelbook the same year. TelevisionThe Streamline dub version first premiered on the Sci-Fi Channel in the 1990s during their week-long anime events and Saturday Anime block.The Pioneer dub of the film has aired twice on Adult Swim's Toonami block, once on 7 December 2013,[35] with a rating of TV-MA-V, and again on 20 December 2014, both times with explicit language and nudity censored. It has aired numerous times on Australian FTA station SBS.[36] ReceptionCritical receptionOn review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval score of 88% based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Akira is distractingly bloody and violent, but its phenomenal animation and sheer kinetic energy helped set the standard for modern anime."[37] Anime News Network's Bamboo Dong commends the Limited Edition's DVD for its "superbly translated" English subtitles and the commendable English dubbing, which "sticks very close to the English translation, and the voice actors deliver their lines with emotion".[38] THEM Anime's Raphael See applauds the film's "astounding special effects and clean, crisp animation".[39] Chris Beveridge comments on the Japanese audio, which brings "the forward soundstage nicely into play when required. Dialogue is well placed, with several key moments of directionality used perfectly".[40] Janet Maslin of The New York Times commends Otomo's artwork, stating "the drawings of Neo-Tokyo by night are so intricately detailed that all the individual windows of huge skyscrapers appear distinct. And these night scenes glow with subtle, vibrant color".[41] Richard Harrison of The Washington Post comments on the pace of the film, stating that the author "has condensed the narrative sprawl of the comics to provide coherence, though there's a bit of "Back to the Future Part II" incompleteness to the story. That hardly matters, since the film moves with such kinetic energy that you'll be hanging on for dear life".[42]Variety commends the film's "imaginative and detailed design of tomorrow to the booming Dolby effects on the soundtrack" but criticizes the "slight stiffness in the drawing of human movement".[43] Kim Newman of Empire commends the film's "scintillating animated visuals, with not one – not one – computer-assisted shot in sight".[44] Chicago Tribune{{'}}s Dave Kehr commends Otomo's "excellent animation-specific ideas: Vehicles leave little color trails as they roar through the night, and there are a number of dream sequences that make nice use of the medium`s ability to confound scale and distort perspective".[45] Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies claims that the anime "remains fresh and exciting, easily holding its own against the products of two decades of massive technical advancement".[46] Meanwhile, in February 2004, Dan Persons of Cinefantastique listed the film as one of the "10 Essential Animations", simply referring to the film as "the film that changed everything."[47]Legacy{{See|Akira (manga)#Legacy}}Akira is now widely regarded as one of the greatest animated movies of all time and prompted an increase in popularity of anime movies in the US and, generally, outside Japan. It is still admired for its exceptional visuals. In Channel 4's 2005 poll of the 100 greatest animations of all time featuring both film and television, Akira came in at number 16.[48] On Empire magazine's list of the 500 greatest movies of all time, Akira is number 440.[49] It showed again on Empire{{'}}s list of The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema, coming in at #51.[50] IGN also named it 14th on its list of Top 25 Animated Movies of All-Time.[51] The Akira anime also made TIME magazine's list of top 5 anime DVDs.[52] The film also made number 16 on Time Out{{'}}s top 50 animated movie list[53] and number 5 on the Total Film Top 50 Animated Films list.[54] The film was ranked #1 by Wizard's Anime magazine on their "Top 50 Anime released in North America" list in 2001.[55] It was ranked #4 on The Hollywood Reporter critic's list of "10 Best Animated Films for Adults" in 2016.[56] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times selected Akira as his "Video Pick of the Week" in 1992[57] on Siskel & Ebert and the Movies. For its wider 2001 release, he gave the film "Thumbs Up." Akira has also been regarded as one of the greatest science fiction films of all time. It was ranked number 22 on The Guardian{{'}}s list of best sci-fi and fantasy films,[5] included on Film4's list of top 50 science fiction films,[6] and ranked number 27 on Complex magazine's list of 50 best sci-fi movies.[7] Phelim O'Neill of The Guardian draws a parallel on Akira{{'}}s influence on the science-fiction genre to Blade Runner and Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey.[58] Akira is considered a landmark film in the cyberpunk genre, particularly the Japanese cyberpunk subgenre.[59] Akira is also credited as a breakthrough for adult animation, proving to global audiences that animation was not just for children.[14]Akira is regarded by many critics as a landmark anime film, one that influenced much of the art in the anime world that followed its release with many illustrators in the manga industry citing the film as an important influence.[60] Manga author Masashi Kishimoto, for example, recalls becoming fascinated with the way the poster was made and wished to imitate the series' creator Katsuhiro Otomo's style.[61] The film had a significant impact on popular culture worldwide. The film led the way for the growth in popularity of anime outside Japan as well as Japanese popular culture in the Western world. Akira is considered a forerunner of the second wave of anime fandom that began in the early 1990s and has gained a massive cult following since then. It is credited with setting the scene for anime franchises such as Pokémon, Dragon Ball and Naruto to become global cultural phenomena.[62][63]Akira has influenced numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games.[62][63] It inspired a wave of Japanese cyberpunk works, including manga and anime series such as Ghost in the Shell, Battle Angel Alita, Cowboy Bebop, and Serial Experiments Lain,[59] live-action Japanese films such as The Iron Man,[64] and video games such as Hideo Kojima's Snatcher[65] and Metal Gear Solid.[59] Outside of Japan, Akira has been cited as a major influence on Hollywood films such as The Matrix,[66] Dark City,[67] Kill Bill,[68] Chronicle,[69] Looper,[70] The Dark Knight,[71] Midnight Special, and Inception,[62] television shows such as Stranger Things,[72] and video games such as Valve's Half-Life series[73][74] and Dontnod Entertainment's Remember Me.[75] John Gaeta cited Akira as artistic inspiration for the bullet time effect in The Matrix films.[66] Akira has also been credited with influencing the Star Wars franchise, including the prequel film trilogy and the Clone Wars film and television series.[76] Todd McFarlane cited Akira as an influence on HBO animated television series Spawn.[77] Akira has also influenced the work of musicians such as Kanye West, who paid homage to Akira in the "Stronger" music video,[62] and Lupe Fiasco, whose album Tetsuo & Youth is named after Tetsuo Shima.[78] The popular bike from the film, Kaneda's Motorbike, appears in Steven Spielberg's film Ready Player One,[79][80] and CD Projekt's video game Cyberpunk 2077.[81] Mankind Divided video game developer Eidos Montréal also paid homage to the film's poster.[82]When Tokyo was chosen to host the 2020 Summer Olympics in the 2013 bidding process, several commentators claimed that Akira predicted the future event.[83][84] AwardsAkira was one of the four nominees for the 2007 American Anime Awards' "Best Anime Feature" award, but it lost to Advent Children. Johnny Yong Bosch, Kaneda's voice actor in the Pioneer English dub, was nominated for Best Actor and Best Actor in a Comedy at American Anime Awards, but lost to fellow Naruto and Persona voice actors Vic Mignogna and Dave Wittenberg, respectively.[85][86]Soundtrack{{Infobox album| name = AKIRA: Original Soundtrack (Symphonic Suite AKIRA) | type = soundtrack | artist = Geinō Yamashirogumi (芸能山城組) | cover = | alt = | released = 1988 | recorded = 1988 | venue = | studio = | genre = Anime, film, gamelan, noh | length = 69:36 | label = Victor Music Industries, Demon Records/JVC Records, Milan Records | producer = Shōji Yamashiro | prev_title = Ecophony Rinne | prev_year = 1986 | next_title = Ecophony Gaia | next_year = 1990 }} AKIRA: Original Soundtrack (Symphonic Suite AKIRA) was recorded by Geinō Yamashirogumi (芸能山城組). The music was composed and conducted by musical director Shōji Yamashiro (pseudonym of Tsutomu Ōhashi). It features music which was additionally re-recorded for release. "Kaneda", "Battle Against Clown" and "Exodus From the Underground Fortress" are really part of the same song cycle — elements of "Battle Against Clown" can be heard during the opening bike sequence, for example. The score is generally sequenced in the same order that the music occurs in the film. The North American version featured extensive production notes by David Keith Riddick and Robert Napton. AKIRA: The Original Japanese Soundtrack; an alternate soundtrack was also released. This version included music as it appeared in the film with dialogue and sound-effects albeit ordered out of sequence. The soundtrack spawned an album of electronica remixes from Bwana, called Capsules Pride.[62] Video gamesIn 1988, Taito released an Akira adventure game for the Famicom exclusively in Japan.[87] Another Akira game for the Atari Jaguar,[88][89] Super NES, Genesis and Sega CD was being developed, but cancelled along with prospects of another Akira title for the Game Boy and Game Gear handheld consoles.[90] International Computer Entertainment produced a video game based on Akira for the Amiga and Amiga CD32 in 1994.[91] To coincide with the DVD release in 2002, Bandai released Akira Psycho Ball, a pinball simulator for the PlayStation 2.[92] Live-action adaptationIn 2002, Warner Bros. acquired the rights to create a live-action remake of Akira as a seven-figure deal.[93][94] However, the live-action remake has undergone several failed attempts to produce it, with at least five different directors and ten different writers known to have been attached to it.[95][96] The directors have had some freedom with the project; according to writer Gary Whitta who had written one draft of a live-action screenplay, they have been told that Otomo had instructed those working on the film "basically to not be afraid to change things, that he wanted to see an original and different interpretation, not just a straight-up remake".[95] Otomo himself said in a June 2017 interview that as he is "basically done with Akira" as a manga, that "if someone wants to do something new with Akira then I am mostly okay with that", with the only condition that he can review and approve of any scenario a writer might take it for a live-action film.[97] IGN concluded that long-term troubles with producing the live-action film come from two areas. First, there has been the fear of whitewashing or racebending, casting American or other Western actors in lieu of Japanese ones, which has come to light when various actors have been named for roles. Secondly, Akira itself is not a story that is easy to relocate outside of Japan, due to the influence on the original story of Japan's role in World War II, including the atomic bombings of Japan, and their own Unit 731.[95]Shortly after Warner Bros. acquired the rights, Stephen Norrington was slated to direct with James Robinson writing the screenplay and Dan Lin producing.[95][98] Norrington had planned to make the remake more appealing to Western audiences, making Kaneda and Tetsuo brothers. Following the commercial failure of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen in 2003, which both Norrington and Robinson were also on, the project was put on hold.[95] Director Ruairi Robinson announced in 2008 he was teaming with Whitta to adopt the manga for live-action, breaking the narrative out over two films with the first to have been completed and released by 2009. Producer Andrew Lazar said that the first film would cover volumes 1 through 3 of the manga, with the rest covered in the second film.[99] Whitta, in a 2015 interview, said that the story would have taken place in a futuristic Japan-owned Manhattan, renaming the region as New Tokyo. This would allow them to have used a mix of Western and Asian actors as to avoid concerns that they would be whitewashing the project.[95][100] Ruairi Robinson left the project in 2009 and was replaced by directors Allen and Albert Hughes, though later Albert Hughes went solo with the project by 2011. They used Whitta's script with modifications by Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby with an aim for a PG-13 rating.[95] Around 2011, a version of the Akira script leaked online; though it was unclear if this was Whitta's or Fergus/Ostby's version, the scripts deviated significantly from the source material in what was considered a negative way according to IGN, such as making Akira a "psychotic murderous creepy child", inclusion of heavy-handed references to the September 11 attacks, and characters written in a misogynistic fashion.[95] Around this same time, casting calls for the film led to accusations of whitewashing. Shortly after these events, Albert Hughes left the project citing "amicable creative differences".[95] Since the project began, several writers, directors (including George Miller and Christopher Nolan), producers, actors and actresses have been attached to the project.[93][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] George Takei spoke with The Advocate in April 2011 about the casting rumors at that time, stating that any decision to cast white actors in Akira would offend both Asians and the fans of the original manga or animated film.[112]As of 14 July 2014, the latest writer known to be working on the script was Dante Harper.[113] On 8 March 2015, the planned director Jaume Collet-Serra told Collider in an interview that there was no progress on the film and planned to take a break from directing. However, the studio might get the film made eventually.[114] On 8 June 2015, The Hollywood Reporter has reported that the studio has resumed work on the film and Marco Ramirez, known for his work as one of the showrunners for Marvel's Daredevil, will write the film.[115] Warner Bros. offered George Miller the chance to direct the film at one point but he turned it down due to commitments to other projects.[116] According to Jeff Sneider at Meet the Movie Press, the studio is in talks with Justin Lin to direct the film.[117] After the success of Get Out, Jordan Peele was offered the director's chair but passed on it.[118] In January 2016, Katsuhiro Otomo revealed in a French comic festival that an anime television series was being considered.[119] In September 2017, it was announced director Taika Waititi was in talks to possibly be the director for a live-action adaptation.[94] Waititi later revealed his intent to keep the ethnicity of the characters intact. Also, Waititi expressed interest in casting untapped teenaged talent.[120] References1. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Akira: The Story Behind The Film |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/story-behind-film-akira/ |accessdate=October 19, 2015 |work=Empire |date=June 21, 2011}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) (Japan) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1989&locations=JP&start=1988&view=chart |website=World Bank |year=1988 |accessdate=August 13, 2018 |language=en-us}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.moviecricket.com/top-10-anime-movies-time-34075/|title=Akira as #1 anime movie.|publisher=Movie Cricket|accessdate=3 November 2011}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.screenjunkies.com/movies/movie-lists/10-best-anime-movies-of-all-time/|title=Ten best anime movies of all time.|publisher=Screen Junkies|accessdate=3 November 2011}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|last=O'Neill|first=Phelim|title=Akira: No 22 best sci-fi and fantasy film of all time|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/21/akira-otomo-fantasy-sci-fi|work=The Guardian|accessdate=4 August 2012|date=21 October 2010}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|title=Akira|url=http://www.film4.com/galleries/top-50-science-fiction-films/sci-fi-akira|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231120014/http://www.film4.com/galleries/top-50-science-fiction-films/sci-fi-akira|dead-url=yes|archive-date=31 December 2011|work=Top 50 Science Fiction Films|publisher=Film4|accessdate=4 August 2012|year=2011}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|last=Barone|first=Matt|title=27. Akira (1988)|url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2011/06/the-50-best-sci-fi-movies/akira|work=The 50 Best Sci-Fi Movies|publisher=Complex|accessdate=4 August 2012|date=8 June 2011}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.crystalacids.com/database/title/20/akira/|title=Akira (movie)|publisher=CrystalAcids.com|accessdate=24 August 2014}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalacids.com/database/title/19/akira/|title=Akira (movie)|publisher=CrystalAcids.com|accessdate=17 December 2015}} 10. ^{{cite AV media|title=Akira Production Report|medium=DVD|publisher=Madman Entertainment|date=13 November 2001}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BFmrVHB44w|title=Interview with Akira creator Katsuhiro Otomo (3/4)|first=|last=Akira 2019|date=29 December 2009|publisher=|via=YouTube}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Hughes|first=David|title=Comic Book Movies|publisher=Virgin Books|isbn=0-7535-0767-6|date=2003|page=27}} 13. ^1 Production insights, Akira #3 (Epic Comics, 1988). 14. ^1 {{cite book |last=Beck |first=Jerry |title=The Animated Movie Guide |date=2005 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=9781569762226 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTI1yeZd-tkC&pg=PA7}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.austinfilm.org/page.aspx?pid=2961|title=Akira Program Notes|publisher=Austin Film Society|accessdate=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092919/http://www.austinfilm.org/page.aspx?pid=2961|archive-date=22 December 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 16. ^1 {{cite AV media|title=Director Interview|medium=DVD|publisher=FUNimation Entertainment|date=12 November 2013}} 17. ^{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8I2AAAAMAAJ|title=キネマ旬報|journal=Kinema Junpo|date=7 February 1989|publisher=キネマ旬報社|via=Google Books|quote=アキラ 750}} 18. ^{{cite web |title=興行収入 20億円未満の名作アニメ一覧 |url=http://ghibli.jpn.org/other/masterpiece/ |website=Ghibli.jpn.org |accessdate=2016-11-01}} 19. ^{{cite news |title=特集・コラム [ 映画ファンド ] －1－ 映画ファンドとは 話題作の「北斗の拳」から仕組みを探る |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219015739/money.quick.co.jp/column/topics/moviefunds/11.html |accessdate=December 19, 2007 |agency=QUICK Corp |date=February 8, 2007}} 20. ^Interviews with Streamline Pictures' co-founders Carl Macek and Jerry Beck in Protoculture Addicts #9 (November 1990), and company spotlight in Protoculture Addicts #18 (July 1992). 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=akira.htm|title=Akira|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=24 August 2014}} 22. ^"Otomo Takes Manhattan", Marvel Age #100 (Marvel Comics, May 1991). 23. ^{{Cite web |first=Justin |last=Sevakis |date=September 14, 2015 |title=What Ever Happened to Manga Entertainment? |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2015-09-14/.92910 |department=Answerman (column) |publisher=Anime News Network |accessdate=February 10, 2017}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.classification.gov.au/Pages/View.aspx?sid=XPO5yEPSaJ%252f%2b4i5%2blYm0xQ%253d%253d&ncdctx=AXgI8FPacIVa6JoUTkdfB1w0BmurDzx%252frD86Ln3UaPgtYBnrB73BDNAvBfKzYRLk0PugGNmGFduXFLSRYtMX91R3fNcoD8jyYhlSkDbDSqg%253dḴ|title=Akira (35mm)|publisher=Australian Classification Board|accessdate=22 July 2018}} 25. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Blanc |first1=Michelle Le |last2=Odell |first2=Colin |title=Akira |date=2014 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=9781844578092 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzooBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT49}} 26. ^{{cite tweet |author= |user= Criterion|number= 128940222170931200 |date= 25 October 2011 |title= In 1992 we released Katsuhiro Otomo's landmark AKIRA on laserdisc: http://ow.ly/i/jTnf |access-date= 16 August 2015 }} 27. ^{{cite web|title=About Criterion|url=https://www.criterion.com/about_us|website=The Criterion Collection|publisher=The Criterion Collection|accessdate=16 August 2015}} 28. ^{{cite news|last1=Amidi|first1=Amid|title=Criterion's First Animated Feature Release in 20 Years: A Sign of Things to Come?|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/dvd/criterions-first-animated-feature-release-in-20-years-a-sign-of-things-to-come-93377.html|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Cartoon Brew|publisher=Cartoon Brew, LLC|date=27 December 2013}} 29. ^Akira on Blu-ray."Bandai Announces Akira Blu-ray" .Retrieved on 14 October 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040355/http://www.mania.com/press-release-bandai-announces-akira-bluray_article_87492.html |date=3 December 2013 }} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.i4u.com/article8301.html|title=Akira comes on Blu-ray this Summer – I4U News|publisher=I4u.com|date=23 March 2007|accessdate=13 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407044734/http://www.i4u.com/article8301.html|archivedate=7 April 2009|deadurl=no}} 31. ^Madman Entertainment release of Akira on Blu-Ray. Madman.com.au .Retrieved on 19 November 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052702/http://www.madman.com.au/actions/catalogue.do?releaseId=12128&method=view |date=3 December 2013 }} 32. ^{{cite web|title=Funi Adds Seikishi, Yamato: R, One Piece: Strong World, Fairy Tail Film, Akira|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-07-28/funi-adds-seikishi-yamato/r-one-piece/strong-world-fairy-tail-film-akira|publisher=Anime News Network|accessdate=28 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330093631/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-07-28/funi-adds-seikishi-yamato/r-one-piece/strong-world-fairy-tail-film-akira|archivedate=30 March 2014}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=Akira 25th Anniversary Edition Includes Streamline, Pioneer Dubs|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-08-05/akira-25th-anniversary-edition-includes-streamline-pioneer-dubs|publisher=Anime News Network|accessdate=6 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329073955/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-08-05/akira-25th-anniversary-edition-includes-streamline-pioneer-dubs|archivedate=29 March 2014}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Akira DVD/Blu-ray 25th Anniversary Edition (Hyb)|url=http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/bhlxBJs6OiFRz6L21v/browse/item/99275/4/0/0|publisher=Anime News Network|accessdate=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130904181155/http://www.rightstuf.com/1-800-338-6827/catalogmgr/bhlxBJs6OiFRz6L21v/browse/item/99275/4/0/0|archive-date=4 September 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-11-16/toonami-to-show-akira-summer-wars-1st-fma-film-trigun-film|title=Toonami to Show Akira, Summer Wars, 1st FMA Film, Trigun Film|publisher=Anime News Network|date=16 November 2013|accessdate=16 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406000134/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-11-16/toonami-to-show-akira-summer-wars-1st-fma-film-trigun-film|archivedate=6 April 2014 }} 36. ^Akira | Movie Trailer, News, Cast, Interviews | SBS Movies {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016231539/http://www.sbs.com.au/films/movie/10577/akira |date=16 October 2013 }} 37. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/akira/ |title=Akira (1998) |work=Rotten Tomatoes |publisher=Fandango |accessdate=1 May 2018}} 38. ^{{cite web|last=Dong|first=Bamboo|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/akira/limited-edition|title=Akira Limited Edition Metal DVD Case|publisher=Anime News Network|accessdate=22 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404115238/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/akira/limited-edition|archivedate=4 April 2014}} 39. ^{{cite web|last=See|first=Raphael|url=http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=24|title=Akira|publisher=THEM Anime|accessdate=22 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403152222/http://themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=24|archivedate=3 April 2014}} 40. ^{{cite web|last=Beveridge|first=Chris|url=http://www.mania.com/akira-special-edition-limited-edition_article_73374.html|title=Akira: Special Edition (& Limited Edition)|publisher=Mania.com|date=17 April 2002|accessdate=22 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031833/http://www.mania.com/akira-special-edition-limited-edition_article_73374.html|archivedate=3 December 2013}} 41. ^{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0CE1DF113CF93AA25753C1A966958260|title=Akira (1988) Review/Film; A Tokyo of the Future In Vibrant Animation|publisher=The New York Times|date=19 October 1990|accessdate=22 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219174613/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0CE1DF113CF93AA25753C1A966958260|archivedate=19 December 2013}} 42. ^{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Richard|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/akira.htm|title='Akira' (NR)|publisher=The Washington Post|date=25 December 1989|accessdate=22 November 2013 }} 43. ^{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/1987/film/reviews/akira-1200427683/|title=Review: ‘Akira’|publisher=Variety|date=31 December 1987|accessdate=22 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018092624/http://variety.com/1987/film/reviews/akira-1200427683/|archivedate=18 October 2013}} 44. ^{{cite web|last=Newman|first=Kim|url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?DVDID=7729|title=Akira|publisher=Empire|date=18 March 2002|accessdate=22 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025206/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?DVDID=7729|archivedate=3 December 2013}} 45. ^{{cite web|last=Kehr|first=Dave|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-03-30/entertainment/9001260575_1_katsuhiro-otomo-japanese-akira|title=Japanese Cartoon Akira Isn`t One For The Kids|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=30 March 1990|accessdate=22 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030233/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-03-30/entertainment/9001260575_1_katsuhiro-otomo-japanese-akira|archivedate=3 December 2013}} 46. ^McCarthy, Helen. 500 Essential Anime Movies: The Ultimate Guide. — Harper Design, 2009. — P. 12. — 528 p. — {{ISBN|978-0061474507}} 47. ^{{cite journal|last1=Persons|first1=Dan|title=The Americanization of Anime: 10 Essential Animations|journal=Cinefantastique|date=February–March 2004|volume=36|issue=1|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ly0nAQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:0AFLRE736LO1AnqYXhN92VLUi3o6sFT1GgYU-Fw2cLmjwIZk1c7q9_ZE|accessdate=April 28, 2017}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/cartoons/results.html|title=Channel4 – 100 Greatest Cartoons|publisher=Channel4.com|accessdate=27 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520014452/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/cartoons/results.html|archivedate=20 May 2009|deadurl=yes}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/500/12.asp|title=The 500 greatest Movies of All Time|publisher=Empireonline.com|accessdate=13 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214213958/http://www.empireonline.com/500/12.asp|archivedate=14 December 2013 }} 50. ^{{cite web|title=The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema|url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=51|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014141447/http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=51|archivedate=14 October 2013}} 51. ^{{cite web|title=TOP 25 ANIMATED MOVIES OF ALL-TIME|work=IGN|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/06/25/top-25-animated-movies-of-all-time?page=3}} 52. ^{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1088692,00.html |title=5 Top Anime Movies on DVD |publisher=TIME |date=31 July 2005 |accessdate=16 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825213945/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1088692%2C00.html |archivedate=25 August 2013 |deadurl=yes }}{{subscription required}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/8839/|title=Time Out's 50 Greatest Animated Films – Part 4 – Time Out Film – Time Out London|publisher=Timeout.com|accessdate=16 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106221843/http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/8839/|archivedate=6 January 2013}} 54. ^50 Greatest Animated Movies {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523152706/http://www.totalfilm.com/features/50-greatest-animated-movies |date=23 May 2014 }} 55. ^{{cite web|date=6 July 2001|title=Wizard lists Top 50 Anime|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-07-16/wizard-lists-top-50-anime|publisher=Anime News Network|accessdate=2 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402111019/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-07-16/wizard-lists-top-50-anime|archivedate=2 April 2014}} 56. ^{{cite web |title=Critic's Picks: 10 Best Animated Films for Adults |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/critics-picks-10-best-animated-919190 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=August 12, 2016}} 57. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=P-sxAQAAIAAJ&dq=ebert%20akira&source=gbs_book_other_versions|title=Animation in Asia and the Pacific|last=Lent|first=John A.|date=2001|publisher=John Libbey|isbn=9781864620368}} 58. ^1 {{cite web|last=O'Neill|first=Phelim|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jun/23/akira-film-review|title=Akira – review|publisher=The Guardian|date=24 June 2011|accessdate=22 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203070323/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jun/23/akira-film-review|archivedate=3 December 2013}} 59. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=What is cyberpunk? |url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/8/30/17796680/cyberpunk-2077-history-blade-runner-neuromancer |work=Polygon |date=August 30, 2018}} 60. ^{{cite web |url=http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/akira/ |title=Akira – Movie Reviews, Trailers, Pictures – Rotten Tomatoes |publisher=Uk.rottentomatoes.com |accessdate=13 March 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307121115/http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/akira/ |archivedate=7 March 2009 |deadurl=yes}} 61. ^{{cite book |last=Kishimoto|first=Masashi |title=Naruto, Volume 10|year=2006 |publisher=Viz Media |isbn=978-1-4215-0240-3 |page=157}} 62. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/kwk55w/how-akira-has-influenced-modern-culture|title=How 'Akira' Has Influenced All Your Favourite TV, Film and Music|work=VICE|date=September 21, 2016}} 63. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=‘Akira’ Is Frequently Cited as Influential. Why Is That? |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/akira-influence-12cb6d84c0bc/ |website=Film School Rejects |date=April 3, 2017}} 64. ^{{cite web|title=Tetsuo: The Iron Man|work=Mandiapple.com|url=http://www.mandiapple.com/snowblood/tetsuo.htm}} 65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gamecritics.com/great-games-snatcher|title=Great Games Snatcher|work=GameCritics.com|first=Ben|last=Hopper|date=February 20, 2001|accessdate=2011-08-24}} 66. ^1 {{cite journal|date=February 2006|title=200 Things That Rocked Our World: Bullet Time|journal=Empire|issue=200|page=136|publisher=EMAP}} 67. ^Proyas, Alex. {{cite web |url=http://mysteryclock.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1647 |title=Dark City DC: Original Ending !? |accessdate=2008-08-29 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014191637/http://mysteryclock.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1647 |archivedate=October 14, 2007 |df= }}. Mystery Clock Forum. Retrieved 2006-07-29. 68. ^{{cite news |title=30 Years of Akira: The Triumph and Legacy of a Legendary Film |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2018/07/16/30-years-of-akira-the-triumph-and-legacy-of-a-legendary-film |work=Crunchyroll |date=July 16, 2018}} 69. ^{{cite web|last=Woerner|first=Meredith|title=Chronicle captures every teen's fantasy of fighting back, say film's creators|url=http://io9.com/5881852/chronicle-is-a-movie-about-every-teens-fantasy-of-fighting-back|publisher=io9|accessdate=25 May 2012|date=2 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226195315/http://io9.com/5881852/chronicle-is-a-movie-about-every-teens-fantasy-of-fighting-back|archivedate=26 February 2014}} 70. ^{{cite web|title=Rian Johnson Talks Working with Joseph Gordon-Levitt on LOOPER, Hollywood’s Lack of Originality, Future Projects and More|work=Collider|url=http://collider.com/rian-johnson-reddit-ama/}} 71. ^{{cite news |last1=Osmond |first1=Andrew |title=Akira: The Story Behind The Film |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/story-behind-film-akira/ |work=Empire |date=June 21, 2011 |language=en}} 72. ^Inside ‘Stranger Things’: The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer, The Daily Beast, August 7, 2016 73. ^{{cite news |title=Half-Life tiene varias referencias a Akira |url=https://as.com/meristation/2018/08/29/noticias/1535543681_545901.html |work=MeriStation |publisher=Diario AS |date=August 29, 2018 |language=es}} 74. ^{{cite news |title=The most impressive PC mods ever made |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/the-most-impressive-pc-mods-ever-made |work=TechRadar |date=June 14, 2018}} 75. ^{{cite news |title=FEATURE: "Life is Strange" Interview and Hands-on Impressions |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2015/01/28/feature-life-is-strange-interview-and-hands-on-impressions |work=Crunchyroll |date=January 28, 2015}} 76. ^{{cite web|title=THE CINEMA BEHIND STAR WARS: AKIRA|work=StarWars.com|url=http://www.starwars.com/news/cinema-behind-star-wars-akira}} 77. ^{{cite DVD notes |title=Todd McFarlane's Spawn 2 |url= |first=Todd |last=McFarlane |authorlink=Todd McFarlane |others= |type=Special features |publisher=HBO Home Video |location= |id= |year=1998 }} 78. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lupe-fiasco-is-avoiding-politics-on-tetsuo-youth-20131025|title=Lupe Fiasco's 'Tetsuo & Youth' Avoiding Politics – Rolling Stone|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=2 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117113659/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lupe-fiasco-is-avoiding-politics-on-tetsuo-youth-20131025|archivedate=17 November 2014|df=}} 79. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/42981-ready-player-one-anime-easter-eggs-gundam|title= 'Ready Player One' Anime Easter Eggs Include Gundam, Voltron and Much More|work= inverse.com|first=Eric|last=Francisco|}} 80. ^{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Megan |title=Steven Spielberg Reveals How Hayao Miyazaki Inspires Him |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/2018/04/25/steven-spielberg-hayao-miyazaki-influence-anime/ |work=ComicBook.com |date=April 25, 2018}} 81. ^{{cite news |title=Cyberpunk 2077 devs “will be significantly more open” |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/cyberpunk-2077/cyberpunk-2077-announcement-future |work=PCGamesN |date=June 12, 2018}} 82. ^{{cite news |title=Here's Some Spiffy Unused Deus Ex: Mankind Divided Art, Inspired by Akira |url=http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2017/07/17/heres-some-spiffy-unused-deus-ex-mankind-art-inspired-by-akira |work=Kotaku |date=July 17, 2017}} 83. ^{{cite news|last1=McFarland|first1=Kevin|title=Akira predicted that the 2020 Olympics would be held in Tokyo|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/iakira-ipredicted-that-the-2020-olympics-would-be--102654|accessdate=27 July 2016|date=9 September 2013}} 84. ^{{cite news|last1=Ashcraft|first1=Brian|title=The 2020 Tokyo Olympics Were Predicted 30 Years Ago by Akira|url=http://kotaku.com/the-2020-tokyo-olympics-were-predicted-30-years-ago-by-1276381444|accessdate=27 July 2016|date=27 September 2013}} 85. ^"American Anime Awards Finalists Announced". Anime News Network. 7 February 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2015. 86. ^Lillard, Kevin. "American Anime Awards". Newtype USA. 6 (5) p. 20. May 2007. {{ISSN|1541-4817}}. 87. ^Review of the NES/Famicom game by Mobygames.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212064341/http://www.mobygames.com/game/nes/akira_ |date=12 December 2013 }} 88. ^{{cite magazine|last=Ripper|first=The|url=https://archive.org/stream/Gamefan_Vol_2_Issue_05#page/n135/mode/1up|title=Europa!|magazine=GameFan|volume=2|issue=5|publisher=Shinno Media|date=April 1994|page=136}} 89. ^{{cite magazine|last=|first=|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AVideoGames_DE_1994-07.pdf&page=32|title=Warpzone - Jaguar - Angekündigte Jaguar-Spiele|magazine=Video Games|issue=32|publisher=Future-Verlag|date=July 1994|page=32|lang=de}} 90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/akira/jimgregory.htm|title=Jim Gregory interview – AKIRA – SNES|publisher=Hardcore Gaming 101|date=22 December 2012|accessdate=27 August 2013|author=Szczepaniak, John|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102000406/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/akira/jimgregory.htm|archivedate=2 January 2014}} 91. ^Review of the AmigaCD game by Mobygames.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020171321/http://www.mobygames.com/game/amiga-cd32/akira |date=20 October 2013 }} 92. ^Review of the Akira pinball simulator by Tothegame.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011145314/http://www.tothegame.com/game.asp?id=1739 |date=11 October 2007 }} 93. ^1 Linder, Brian et al. (12 April 2002). "Akira Hollywood Remake!?" IGN.com. Retrieved 24 October 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313174510/http://movies.ign.com/articles/357/357213p1.html |date=13 March 2010 }} 94. ^1 {{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2017/09/akira-taika-waititi-director-thor-ragnarok-1202173164/ | title = ‘Akira’ Back? ‘Thor: Ragnarok’ Helmer Taika Waititi In Talks | first1 = Anita | last1= Busch | first2 = Mike | last2 = Flemming | date = September 19, 2017 | accessdate = September 25, 2017 | work = Deadline }} 95. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web | url = http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/04/06/akira-the-tortured-history-of-the-unmade-live-action-adaptation | title = Akira: The Tortured History of he Unmade Live-Action Adaptation | first = Christopher | last = Marc | date = April 6, 2017 | accessdate = August 31, 2017 | work = IGN }} 96. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/akira-production-shut-down-budget-warner-bros-278729|title='Akira' Production Offices Shut Down As Warner Bros. Scrutinizes Budget (Exclusive)|date=5 January 2012|first=Borys|last=Kit|work=The Hollywood Reporter|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316095559/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/akira-production-shut-down-budget-warner-bros-278729|archivedate=16 March 2014 }} 97. ^{{cite web | url =https://nerdist.com/akira-creator-katsuhiro-otomo-live-action/ | title = Akira creator says he must approve any live-action film | first= Kyle | last= Anderson | date = June 1, 2017 | accessdate = January 30, 2018 | work = The Nerdist }} 98. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/04/12/akira-hollywood-remake|title=Akira Hollywood Remake!?|first=Brian|last=Linder|date=12 April 2002|publisher=}} 99. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collider.com/2010/06/17/producer-andrew-lazar-interview-jonah-hex-akira-get-smart-2-joe-namath-one-finger-salute|title=Exclusive: Producer Andrew Lazar Video Interview JONAH HEX; Plus Updates on AKIRA, ONE FINGER SALUTE, GET SMART 2, More|author=Steve 'Frosty' Weintraub|publisher=Collider.com}} 100. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.collider.com/akira-movie-news-gary-whitta/ |title=Screenwriter Gary Whitta Says His AKIRA Script Took Place in a Japanese-owned Manhattan |publisher=Collider.com}} 101. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-02-20/warner-leonardo-dicaprio-to-produce-akira-live-action|title=Warner, Leonardo DiCaprio to Produce Live-Action Akira|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331162032/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-02-20/warner-leonardo-dicaprio-to-produce-akira-live-action|archivedate=31 March 2014}} 102. ^{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/exclusive-akira-movie-update/7120/|title=Exclusive AKIRA Movie Update|author=Steve 'Frosty' Weintraub|publisher=Collider.com}} 103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=61594|title=Gary Whitta Provides Akira Update|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112164331/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=61594|archivedate=12 November 2013}} 104. ^Slashfilm.com "Rumor: Zac Efron in Albert Hughes' Akira?" by Peter Sciretta, Retrieved 5 March 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20130202112117/http://www.slashfilm.com/rumor-zac-efron-albert-hughes-akira/ |date=2 February 2013 |title=Akira }} 105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aintitcool.com/node/47357|title=Another Akira Casting Rumor Emerges From the Frozen Locker|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214204/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/47357|archivedate=1 February 2014}} 106. ^Slashfilm.com {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130202111219/http://www.slashfilm.com/james-franco-akira/ |date=2 February 2013 }} Is James Franco Going to Play Kaneda in ‘Akira’? Rereport from Spanish site Ecartelera.com Retrieved 5 March 2011 107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/03/akira-focuses-on-short-list-of-actors-after-getting-steve-kloves-rewrite|title='Akira' Focuses On Short List Of Actors After Getting Steve Kloves Rewrite|author=Mike Fleming|publisher=Deadline|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429033553/http://www.deadline.com/2011/03/akira-focuses-on-short-list-of-actors-after-getting-steve-kloves-rewrite/|archivedate=29 April 2014}} 108. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.twitchfilm.com/news/2011/11/garrett-hedlund-formally-offered-lead-in-akira.php|title=Garrett Hedlund Formally Offered Lead In AKIRA|author=Todd Brown|publisher=Twitchfilm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909015203/http://twitchfilm.com/news/2011/11/garrett-hedlund-formally-offered-lead-in-akira.php|archivedate=9 September 2012}} 109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/11/gary-oldman-coveted-by-warner-bros-for-akira-and-arthur-lancelot#|title=Gary Oldman Coveted By Warner Bros For ‘Akira’ And ‘Arthur & Lancelot’|author=Mike Fleming|publisher=Deadline|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304174913/http://www.deadline.com/2011/11/gary-oldman-coveted-by-warner-bros-for-akira-and-arthur-lancelot/|archivedate=4 March 2014}} 110. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/garrett-hedlund-negotiations-star-akira-257256|title=Garrett Hedlund in Negotiations to Star in Akira for Warner Bros.|author=Borys Kit|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=3 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316095454/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/garrett-hedlund-negotiations-star-akira-257256|archivedate=16 March 2014}} 111. ^{{cite web|url=http://twitchfilm.com/news/2011/11/breaking-no-oldman-for-akira-wb-offeringthe-colonel-to-ken-watanabe.php|title=BREAKING: No Oldman For AKIRA, WB Offering The Colonel To Ken Watanabe|author=Borys Kit|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 112. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/News/News_Features/Takei_to_WB_Do_The_Right_Thing|title=Takei to WB: Do the Right Thing|author=Ross von Metzke|publisher=The Advocate|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423070556/http://www.advocate.com/News/News_Features/Takei_to_WB_Do_The_Right_Thing/|archivedate=23 April 2011}} 113. ^{{cite web|last=Fleming, Jr|first=Mike|title=Dante Harper Boards Fox 2000s ‘The Secret Of The Temple’|url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/07/dante-harper-boards-fox-2000s-the-secret-of-the-temple/|work=Deadline|accessdate=14 July 2014}} 114. ^{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/akira-movie-live-action-jaume-collet-serra/|title=Jaume Collet-Serra Says No Progress Has Been Made On Live Action AKIRA Movie|publisher=Collider.com|last=Memiroff|first=Perrt|date=8 March 2015}} 115. ^{{cite web|url=http://hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/daredevil-showrunner-write-akira-799880|title='Daredevil' Showrunner to Write 'Akira' Adaptation for Warner Bros (Exclusive)|work=The Hollywood Reporter|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=8 June 2015}} 116. ^{{cite web|url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/post/130554371706/george-miller-turned-down-the-live-action-akira|title=George Miller Turned Down The Live Action Akira Remake (Exclusive)|publisher=Yahoo UK|last=Bulter|first=Tom|date=6 October 2015|accessdate=6 October 2015}} 117. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwJQMje0dj8|title=Akira with Justin Lin?, Sister Act 3, The Rock as the Wolfman & More - Meet The Movie Press|first=|last=Popcorn Talk|publisher=|via=YouTube}} 118. ^{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/jordan-peele-not-directing-akira/|title=Jordan Peele Explains Why He Won’t Be Directing ‘Akira’|website=Collider|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=May 16, 2017|accessdate=January 30, 2018}} 119. ^{{cite web|title=Akira TV series in development, hints creator|work=FACT Magazine|url=http://www.factmag.com/2016/01/27/akira-tv-series-in-development-hints-creator/}} 120. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2017/10/taika-waititi-akira-film-details-whitewashing-1201886320/|title=Taika Waititi Teases ‘Akira’ Film Adaptation, Says No One Has to Worry About Whitewashing|website=Indiewire|last=Sharf|first=Zack|date=October 11, 2017|accessdate=January 30, 2018}} External links{{Wikiquote|Akira}}
36 : 1988 anime films|1980s science fiction films|Animated action films|Animated films based on manga|Bandai Entertainment anime titles|Bandai Visual|Cyberpunk anime and manga|Cyberpunk films|Directorial debut films|Dystopian anime and manga|Dystopian films|Films about telepathy|Films about telekinesis|Films about terrorism|Films directed by Katsuhiro Otomo|Films set in 1988|Films set in 2019|Films set in the future|Films set in Tokyo|Funimation|Geneon USA|Japan Self-Defense Forces in fiction|Japanese films|Japanese animated science fiction films|Japanese coming-of-age films|Japanese-language films|Metaphysical fiction films|Motorcycling films|Post-apocalyptic anime and manga|Post-apocalyptic films|Science fiction adventure films|Science fiction anime and manga|Teens in fiction|TMS Entertainment|Toho animated films|Toonami |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。