| 词条 | Burger wars |
| 释义 |
The Burger wars is a series of off-and-on comparative advertising campaigns consisting of mutually-targeted advertisements that highlight the intense competition between hamburger fast food chains McDonald's, Burger King and others in the United States.[1] The term first came into use during the late 1970s due to an attempt by Burger King to generate increased market and mind-share by attacking the size of bigger rival McDonald's hamburgers.[2][3] By the mid 1980s, the constant spending on advertising began to affect the major players. In 1987, Burger King laid off more than a hundred people from its corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida, while Dublin, Ohio-based Wendy's reported its first quarterly operating loss since its founding in 1969. Conversely, McDonald's operating revenue and profit increase while its market share also grew.[4] Smaller chains, such as Hardee's, worked to keep from getting caught up in the extensive financial brinkmanship by avoiding the expensive ad campaigns and by staying in smaller, more geographically limited locations.[5] The New York Times states that the poor economy of the late 2010 recessionary period has led to the return of the Burger Wars. Because of tightened budgets, consumers have been forced to seek value and the major fast food chains are increasingly competing for those consumer dollars. The Wendy's chain has been at the forefront of the revival, airing a series of ads that feature founder Dave Thomas' daughter Melinda Lou Morse, the original "Wendy", advertising a series of new burgers and reviving its Where's the beef? advertising slogan.[6] A March 2014 report in USA Today noted that Burger King is reviving the Burger Wars, including introducing clones of the Big Mac and McRib sandwiches, in response to business declines at McDonald's.[7]Modern examplesIn a 2007 advertising campaign, Jack in the Box aired a series of television ads in the United States that disparaged several rivals' Angus-beef burgers in which it was alleged that they equated Angus beef with an anus. Rival chain operator CKE claimed the ads were misleading because they confuse consumers by comparing sirloin, a cut of meat found on all cattle, with Angus, which is a breed of cattle. CKE, operator of the Carl's Jr. and Hardees chains, had been noted for running controversial ads and claimed that there was no comparison between the ads they were running and those of Jack In the Box because their ads did not insinuate their products came from an undesirable part of cows.[8] Because of their similar preparation styles and menus, the expansion of Five Guys into the territories of its Los Angeles-based counterpart In-N-Out has been described as a newer version of the Burger Wars by several publications.[9][10] Breakfast Wars and Coffee Wars{{See also|Coffee Wars}}The entry of Taco Bell into the breakfast fast-food business in 2014 for its United States locations triggered a related phenomenon known as the "Breakfast Wars", particularly between Taco Bell and McDonald's. Taco Bell rolled-out its breakfast menu by soliciting testimonials from people named Ronald McDonald, a move to which McDonald's responded by providing free coffee for a two-week period.[11] Similarly, McDonald's Canada recently began offering free coffee for a week during Tim Hortons' "Roll Up the Rim to Win" campaign.[12] Taco Bell's new value menu Dollar Cravings was instigated in reaction to McDonald's and Wendy's value menus.[13][14][15][16] Burger King's McWhopper proposalOn August 26, 2015, Burger King released an open letter to McDonald's proposing a joint promotion for Peace Day called the "McWhopper", a combination of the two restaurants' signature burgers.[17] The overture was rejected by McDonald's,[18] a response that drew mostly criticism for its tone and the sense of a missed opportunity. Despite the missed opportunity, President Barack Obama declared it a breaking point in the "Fight for $15" movement, reportedly saying that the "McWhopper" was an example of how American fast food corporations can learn to unite for a common cause, and he hoped it could be further utilized as a springboard in raising the minimum wage for uneducated fast food workers. McDonald's later released a commercial directed by comic filmmaker Mel Brooks to much critical acclaim, showcasing the charitable efforts of characters Ronald McDonald and the Hamburglar along with the promised effort to renew the "Fight for $15".[19][20] On September 1, 2015, Burger King announced that they had been approached by representatives from Denny's, Wayback Burgers, Krystal, and Giraffas about partnering on a similar project. Burger King then announced the "Peace Day Burger", which would feature ingredients from all five restaurants' burgers.[21] See also{{Portal|1970s|1980s|2010s}}
References1. ^{{cite web |title=McDonald's Corporation |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/McDonalds-Corporation-Company-History.html |work=Funding Universe |accessdate=15 January 2011 |quote=A period of aggressive advertising campaigns and price slashing in the early 1980s became known as the "burger wars."}} {{Burger King|state=collapsed}}{{CKE Restaurants, Inc.|state=collapsed}}{{McDonald's|state=collapsed}}{{Wendy's|state=collapsed}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_n51_v22/ai_6935546/pg_2/?tag=content;col1 |title=Brinker: a man with a vision |last=Romeo |first=Peter |date=1988-12-19 |work=Nation's Restaurant News |accessdate=2008-03-03}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/19/magazine/steal-this-burger.html?pagewanted=print |title=Steal This Burger |first=Arthur |last=Lubow |publisher=The New York Times |date=1998-04-19 |accessdate=2007-12-04 |quote=Fast-food veterans surveying today's cutthroat competition will be reminded of the First Burger War}} 4. ^{{cite news |last=Shriver Jr. |first=Jube |title=Burger Wars Taking a Bite Out of Profit |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1987-05-06/business/fi-2499_1_burger-king |accessdate=15 January 2011 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=6 May 1987 |quote=The nationwide burger wars, waged mostly in multimillion-dollar television commercials, are hitting some hamburger chains on the bottom line--forcing layoffs and losses.}} 5. ^{{cite news |last=Hum |first=Scott |title=Hardee's: Back to Its Roots |url=http://www.adweek.com/aw/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=525087|accessdate=15 January 2011 |work=Adweek |date=25 October 1993 |quote=And it [Hardee's] kept its head down during the 'Burger Wars' of the early 1980s, when Burger King, McDonald's and Wendy's took on each other in expensive network TV battles.}} 6. ^{{cite news |last=Elliot |first=Stuart |title=After 27 Years, an Answer to the Question, ‘Where’s the Beef? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/business/media/after-27-years-an-answer-to-the-question-wheres-the-beef.html |accessdate=29 September 2011 |newspaper=New York Times |date=25 September 2011}} 7. ^Friedman, Nicky (March 19, 2014). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2014/03/18/burger-king-vs-mcdonalds/6569211/ Burger King hits McDonald's where it hurts]. USA Today. Retrieved March 19, 2014. 8. ^{{cite news |title=Burger wars: Jack in the Box sued over ad |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18894390/ns/business-retail/t/burger-wars-jack-box-sued-over-ad/#.ToS9Q9SVJAo |work=MSNBC |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=29 September 2011 |date=29 May 2007}} 9. ^{{cite web |last=Ta |first=Lien |title=Los Angeles Burger Wars: Five Guys Versus In-N-Out |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/06/los-angeles-burger-wars-f_n_858690.html#s275165 |work=Huffington Post |accessdate=29 September 2011 |date=6 May 2011}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=L.A. Burger Wars |url=http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/News/Daily/Pages/ND0411114.aspx |publisher=National Association of Convenience Stores |accessdate=29 September 2011 |date=11 April 2011}} 11. ^Horovitz, Bruce (March 29, 2014). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/03/28/mcdonalds-free-coffee-breakfast-wars-taco-bell/7003915/ Breakfast wars perk up: McDonald's pours free coffee]. USA Today. Retrieved March 29, 2014. 12. ^{{cite news|last1=Moran|first1=Andrew|title=Coffee war: McDonald's free coffee v. Tim Hortons Roll Up the Rim|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/304222|accessdate=September 7, 2015|publisher=Digital Journal|date=March 2, 2011}} 13. ^{{cite web|first=Brianna|last=Sacks|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-taco-bell-dollar-menu-20140818-story.html|title=Taco Bell is latest chain to offer a dollar menu - LA Times|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=18 August 2014|accessdate=2014-08-25}} 14. ^{{cite web|first=Brad|last=Tuttle|url=http://time.com/money/3136243/taco-bell-dollar-menu/|title=Taco Bell Breathes New Life Into Fast-Food Dollar Menus - Money.com|publisher=Time|date=18 August 2014|accessdate=2014-08-25}} 15. ^{{cite web|first=Leslie|last=Patton|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-15/taco-bell-to-introduce-dollar-menu-nationwide.html|title=Taco Bell to Introduce Dollar Menu Nationwide - Bloomberg|publisher=Bloomberg|date=15 August 2014|accessdate=2014-08-25}} 16. ^{{cite web|first=Ashley|last=Lutz|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/taco-bell-dollar-menu-new-2014-8|title=Taco Bell Dollar Menu New - Business Insider|publisher=Business Insider|date=15 August 2014|accessdate=2014-08-25}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://mcwhopper.com/|title=McWhopper|publisher=Mcwhopper.com|accessdate=2016-02-08}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/McDonalds/posts/10156031225440584|title=McDonald's - Dear Burger King, Inspiration for a good... |website=Facebook|accessdate=2016-02-08}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/08/31/would-a-mcwhopper-help-mcdoanlds-and-burger-king.aspx|title=McDonald's Makes a McWhopper of a Mistake in Response to Rival's Offer|first=Rich|last=Duprey|date=31 August 2015|work=The Motley Fool}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thedrum.com/news/2015/08/26/mcdonalds-rejects-burger-kings-proposal-partner-mcwhopper|title=McDonald's rejects Burger King's proposal to partner up on McWhopper|first=Tony|last=Connelly|work=The Drum|accessdate=2016-02-08}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://burgerking.tumblr.com/post/128138156969/it-looks-like-were-going-to-need-a-bigger-table|title=Burger King on Tumblr — It looks like we're going to need a bigger table ...|website=Burgerking.tumblr.com|accessdate=2016-02-08}} 6 : Burger King advertising|McDonald's advertising|Business rivalries|1970s in the United States|1980s in the United States|2010s in the United States |
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