| 释义 |
- Phonology
- Notes
{{Infobox language
| name=Buwal
| nativename=Gadala
| states=Cameroon
| region=Far North Province
| speakers=10,000
| date=2004
| ref=e18
| familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
| fam2=Chadic
| fam3=Biu–Mandara
| fam4=Daba (A.7)
| fam5=North
| iso3=bhs
| glotto=buwa1243
| glottorefname=Buwal
}}Buwal (also known as Ma Buwal, Bual, Gadala) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Cameroon in Far North Province in and around Gadala.Phonology Consonants| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labialized velar | Labial-velar | | Nasal | m}} | n}} | ŋ}} | ŋʷ}} | ŋm}} |
|---|
| Voiceless plosive | p}} | t}} | k}} | kʷ}} | kp}} |
|---|
| Voiced plosive | b}} | d}} | ɡ}} | ɡʷ}} | ɡb}} |
|---|
| Prenasalized plosive | ᵐb}} | ⁿd}} | ᵑɡ}} | ᵑɡʷ}} | ŋmɡb |
|---|
| Implosive | ɓ}} | ɗ}} |
|---|
| Voiceless affricate | ts}} |
|---|
| Voiced affricate | dz}} {{IPA|ⁿdz}} |
|---|
| Voiceless fricative | f}} | s}} | ɬ}} | x}} | xʷ}} |
|---|
| Voiceless fricative | v}} | z}} | ɮ}} | ɣ}} | ɣʷ}} |
|---|
| Flap | ⱱ}} | r}} |
|---|
| Approximant | l}} | j}} | w}} |
|---|
The labiodental flap, {{IPA|/ⱱ/}} is marginal, only occurring in two native Buwal words. The labial-velar plosives are also marginal; in particular, {{IPA|/kp/}} only occurs in one word, the ideophone kpaŋ. Buwal has the vowels {{IPA|/ə a/}}, which can occur in high, middle, or low tone. Each vowel has a variety of phonetic realizations. {{IPA|/ə/}} can occur as {{IPA|[i u ɪ ʏ ʊ]}}, and {{IPA|/a/}} can occur as {{IPA|[e o ɛ œ ɐ ɔ]}}. The schwa can be analyzed as a solely epenthetic vowel. They occur as rounded allophones when adjacent to a labialized consonant, and as front vowels when the word is palatalized. Palatalization in Buwal occurs across an entire word, and also affects the affricate consonants {{IPA|/ts dz ⁿdz/}}, which surface as {{IPA|[tʃ dʒ ⁿdʒ]}} in a palatalized word. As a result, all of the vowels within a single word are either front or back, producing vowel harmony. An example of this contrast is between {{IPA|[mɐ̄ⁿdʊ́wɐ́n]}} 'rat' (underlyingly {{IPA|/māⁿdwán/}}), which is non-palatalized, and {{IPA|[mɛ̀vɛ̄ɗvɛ̄ɗɛ̄ŋ]}} (underlyingly {{IPA|/màvāɗvāɗāŋ/}}) 'turtle', which is palatalized. This process does not affect loanwords, e.g. {{IPA|[nɛ̀bɐ̄m]}} 'oil' (from Fulfulde nebbam) or {{IPA|[lɛ̀kʷól]}} 'school' (from French l'école). Some loanwords have been modified to accommodate Buwal phonology, e.g. {{IPA|[sɐ́j]}} 'tea', from Fulfulde sha'i.[1] Notes 1. ^Melanie Helen Viljoen, A grammatical description of the Buwal language, La Trobe University, 2013, 739 p. (thesis)
{{Languages of Cameroon}}{{Biu–Mandara languages}}{{BiuMandara-lang-stub}}{{Cameroon-stub}} 2 : Biu-Mandara languages|Languages of Cameroon |