| 词条 | Helsinki Watch |
| 释义 |
| name = Helsinki Watch | native_name = | native_name_lang = | named_after = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = | motto = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = Human Rights Watch | formation = {{start date and age|1978}} | founder = | founding_location = Washington, D.C., U.S. | extinction = | merger = | type = | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = | headquarters = | location = | coords = | region = | services = | products = | methods = | fields = | membership = | membership_year = | language = | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | slogan = | mission = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = }}Helsinki Watch was a private American NGO established by Robert L. Bernstein in 1978, designed to monitor the former Soviet Union’s compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Accords.[1] Expanding in size and scope, Helsinki Watch began using media coverage to document human rights violations committed by abusive governments [2] Since its inception, it has produced several other watch committees dedicated to monitoring human rights in other parts of the world. In 1988, Helsinki Watch and all its companion watch committees were combined to form Human Rights Watch [3][4] HistoryBeginningsFollowing the multinational agreement establishing the Helsinki Accords in 1975, the Helsinki Watch was established to ensure Eastern Bloc countries undergoing severe civil conflict comply with the provisions originally established in the Helsinki Accords.[5] This was the result of an emergence of pressing requests on behalf of organizations located in Moscow, Prague, and Warsaw who were tasked with monitoring the Soviet Union and regions of Eastern Europe to ensure their compliance in facilitating various human rights pledges made throughout the Accords,[6] many of which were arrested by Soviet authorities in early 1977.[5] One of the primary objectives of Helsinki Watch was to serve as an instrument of advocacy for freeing the imprisoned monitors arrested by Soviet officials,[5] but its most noteworthy accomplishments was predicated on promoting civil and political freedoms in the Soviet Union and regions of Eastern Europe.[5] Helsinki Watch developed a means of identifying the corrupt actions of governments by publicly acknowledging unethical behaviour carried out by different governmental bodies through media coverage and directly through policymakers on an international scale.[4] Transition to Human Rights WatchAs tensions built between the United States and the Soviet Union, The Americas Watch was created in 1981 to avoid criticism of hypocrisy.[7] The Americas watch set out to observe and acknowledge abuses carried out by governmental bodies situated in Central America,[4] and most notably criticized governments such as the United States for their involvement in providing arms and support to dangerous regimes situated in the Americas.[4] The establishment of other similar organizations rapidly increased through their classification as “The Watch Committees” with the creation of the Asia Watch (1985), Africa Watch (1986), and Middle East Watch (1989). In 1988, these committees formally adopted the overarching title of The Human Rights Watch.[4] FundingThe establishment of the Helsinki Watch was made possible by a $400,000 grant donated by the Ford Foundation.[8] Timeline[9]
EffectivenessUpon its establishment, the Helsinki Watch immediately became a major organization with significant leverage internationally.[10] Initially, the Helsinki Watch would directly appeal to communist leaders by creating petitions and publicly "naming and shaming" abusive governments. When this method proved to be ineffective, they quickly graduated to using political influence from important Western and European politicians to further their mission of influencing government policy both directly and indirectly.[11] As the Helsinki Watch grew it continued to build its reputation of providing accurate and reliable information on human rights violations in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The Helsinki Watch is said to have played an important role in shaping human rights in the 1980s.[10] CriticismThe Helsinki Watch was initially met with allegations of bias during its early days. It was criticized for narrowing its scope to human rights violations committed by the Soviet bloc while ignoring human rights violations that were occurring in other parts of the world.[12] Many suggested that its strategy of enlisting the help of Europeans to denounce the Soviet Union reflected this. It was specifically criticized for being hypocritical in its reporting, as in its early days it neglected to recognize abuses taking place within America. In response to such criticism, the founders of Helsinki Watch created a new division called Americas Watch.[13] From there the organization expanded rapidly, establishing Watches to cover other parts of the world. In 1988, all of the Helsinki Watch’s separate divisions were amalgamated into one unit called the Human Rights Watch.[14] Major Publications[15]Published in 1991, major publications of The Helsinki Watch include:
References1. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/opinion/20bernstein.html|title=Opinion - Rights Watchdog, Lost in the Mideast|first=Robert L.|last=Bernstein|date=19 October 2009|publisher=|accessdate=1 May 2018|work=New York Times}} 2. ^https://www.hrw.org/our-history. 3. ^http://library.columbia.edu/locations/chrdr/archive_collections/hrw.html 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/our-history|title=Our History|date=24 September 2008|website=hrw.org|accessdate=1 May 2018}} 5. ^1 2 3 Whiteclay, C. I. (2004). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:9780195071986 6. ^Langley, W. (1999). Encyclopedia of human rights issues since 1945. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. 7. ^Iriye, A., Goedde, P., & Hitchcock, W. I. (2012). The human rights revolution: An international history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/|title=Home|website=Ford Foundation|accessdate=1 May 2018}} 9. ^Marchetti, R. (2017). Partnerships in international policy-making: Civil society and public institutions in European and global affairs. London: Palgrave Macmillan 10. ^1 Thomas, D. C. (2011). The Helsinki effect: International norms, human rights, and the demise of communism. Princeton (N.J.: Princeton University Press. 11. ^Fahlenbrach, K. (2012). The establishment responds: Power, politics, and protest since 1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://tavaana.org/en/content/Helsinki|title=THE HELSINKI PROCESS AND THE FALL OF COMMUNIST REGIMES IN EUROPE|website=Tavaana|accessdate=1 May 2018}} 13. ^Slezkine, P. (2014, December 16). From Helsinki to Human Rights Watch: How an American Cold War Monitoring Group Became an International Human Rights Institution. Retrieved from http://humanityjournal.org/issue-5-3/from-helsinki-to-human-rights-watch-how-an-american-cold-war-monitoring-group-became-an-international-human-rights-institution/ 14. ^Bob, C. (2011). The International Struggle for New Human Rights. (Rights, Action, and Social Responsibility. 15. ^Falgiano, L., & LeMaire, K. (1991). Review: Helsinki Watch publications. Johns Hopkins University Press, 14(4), 640-645. 6 : Human Rights Watch|Civil rights organizations|Non-governmental organizations|Organizations established in 1978|1978 establishments in the United States|Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C. |
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