| 词条 | Hen and Chicken Islands | |
| 释义 |
| name = Hen and Chicken Islands | local_name = | image_name = Bream Bay panorama.jpg | image_caption = In the distance, from left to right: the Chickens, Hen Island, Sail Rock | locator_map = | map_caption = | nickname = | location = | coordinates = {{coord|35|56|S|174|44|E|type:isle_region:NZ|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = | length_km = | width_km = | highest_mount = | elevation_m = | population = | population_as_of = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = | country = New Zealand | additional_info = }} The Hen and Chicken Islands (usually known collectively as the Hen and Chickens) lie to the east of the North Auckland Peninsula off the coast of northern New Zealand. They lie {{convert|12|km|mi}} east of Bream Head and {{convert|40|km|mi}} south-east of Whangarei.{{r|"McLauchlan 1984"}} HistoryThese islands were named by Captain James Cook, who first sighted them on 25 November 1769.{{r|"University of Auckland. Field Club 1978"}} It has been suggested that the name was inspired by an old name for the star cluster usually known as the Pleiades (and called Matariki by the Māori). Originally owned by the Māori Ngā Puhi iwi, they were sold to the New Zealand Government in 1883.{{r|"The New Zealand Guide 1952"}} The islands were made a scenic reserve in 1908 owing to the rarity of their flora and fauna, and became a wildlife refuge in 1953. Hen Island had actually passed from Māori hands a few years earlier, being bought by Thomas Outhwaite in 1872.{{r|"The New Zealand Guide 1952"|p=91|q=... ultra vires as it was later discovered to be freehold land transferred from Maori owners to Thomas Outhwaite on May 20, 1872.}} It was bequeathed to the nation by his daughter Isa Outhwaite in 1927, and it too was named as a scenic reserve.{{r|"The New Zealand Guide 1952"|p=91|q= ... Miss Isa Outhwaite, and on her death the solicitors for her executors wrote to the Internal Affairs Department on February 10, 1927, saying ...}}{{r|"New Zealand Law Society Cooke 1969 p."}} In June 1940, the Canadian-Australasian Royal Mail Ship {{Ship|RMS|Niagara}} sank off the islands after hitting a mine.{{r|"Pigott 2010 p. 144"}} Most of the cargo, which included gold bullion, was later salvaged. EnvironmentThe islands are noted for their bird life, with colonies of seabirds as well as forest birds which have become scarce or extinct on the mainland. The islands have been identified as an Important Bird Area, by BirdLife International because they are home to a breeding population of about 500 pairs of Pycroft's petrels.{{r|"BirdLife International"}}{{r|"Mayr 1999 p. 235"}} The islandsHen Island, or {{lang-mi|Taranga}}, lies {{convert|7|km|mi}} to the southwest from the rest of the archipelago. It is also considerably larger than the Chicken Islands, or {{lang|mi|Marotiri}}, which comprise a chain of six small islands running north-west to south-east to the north of Hen Island. The chain consists of {{lang|mi|Wareware}} and {{lang|mi|Muriwhenua}} Islands (together called North West Chicken), {{lang|mi|Mauitaha}} (West Chicken), Lady Alice Island or {{lang|mi|Motu Muka}} (Big Chicken), {{lang|mi|Whatupuke}} (Middle Chicken), and Coppermine Island (Eastern Chicken). Taranga (Hen) Island{{lang|mi|Taranga}} is the largest island by some considerable margin, totalling {{convert|4.7|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. Long and thin, it has a length of {{convert|6|km|mi}} and an average width of less than {{convert|1000|m|yd|0}}. A remnant of a four-million-year-old volcano, the island is dominated by a rocky ridge reaching to about {{convert|417|m|ft|0}} at its highest point, called The Pinnacles. Sail Rock, a stack, rises from the ocean {{convert|3|km|mi}} to the south of Hen Island,{{r|"New Zealand journal of botany 1972"}} and is a prominent navigational point for yachts.{{r|"Vaughan 2010 p. 212"}}By the late 1800s, Hen Island was the only place in New Zealand with a surviving population of North Island saddleback. The once common species of forest bird found in the North Island, was decimated by the human introduction of mammalian predators, such as rats and stoats. In the 1960s translocations of saddleback from Hen Island to other island sanctuaries around New Zealand began.{{r|"NZJEsaddlebacks"}}{{r|"Galbreath 1993"}} Wareware and MuriwhenuaTwo small rocky islands with a combined area of {{convert|3|ha|acre|abbr=on}}. MauitahaThis {{convert|20|ha|acre|abbr=on}}, rugged, scrub-covered rock lies {{convert|1|km|mi}} to the south of Muriwhenua. It rises to {{convert|125|m|ft|0}}. The New Zealand Department of Conservation and the Ngati Wai iwi have entered into partnership to set up a sanctuary for the Polynesian rat, or kiore, on the islands Mauitaha and Araara. A spokesman for Ngati Wai said the kiore heritage will be protected as the movement of the kiore through the Pacific paralleled the migration of the New Zealand Maori. A spokesman for the Department of Conservation said the Department's policy change from eradication would assist scientific research. Lady Alice IslandNamed after Lady Alice Fergusson (wife of Governor General Sir Charles Fergusson), it is the largest of the five Chickens and is of particular significance because of its flora and fauna. The island covers {{convert|1.4|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}} and is surrounded by rocky reefs. It was occupied by Māori until the 1820s, and was used as a base for fishermen in the 1890s. Cattle were introduced at about this time, but were removed in the 1920s. WhatupukeFormerly known as Whakahau this island is composed of a large eastern section and a peninsula to the southwest. The coast of the peninsula forms one of the chain's main land features, a {{convert|300|m|yd|0|adj=on}} wide bay (Starfish Bay). The island covers {{convert|1|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}}, and is steep, rising to {{convert|234|m|ft|0}}. Coppermine IslandCoppermine island covers an area of {{convert|75|ha|acre|abbr=on}}. It is composed of two sections joined by a short isthmus. As the name suggests, there are copper deposits on the island, but attempts at mining them in 1849 and 1898 proved unprofitable. GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite book| last = Mayr| first = E.| title = Systematics and the Origin of Species, from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist| publisher = Harvard University Press| year = 1999| isbn = 978-0-674-86250-0| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mAIjnLp6r_MC&pg=PA235| access-date = 11 July 2018| page = 235}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]2. ^{{cite book| last = McLauchlan| first = G.| title = Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia| publisher = David Bateman Limited| year = 1984| isbn = 978-0-908610-21-1| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nVhzAAAAMAAJ| access-date = 11 July 2018| page = 253}} 3. ^{{cite book| title = New Zealand journal of botany| series = New Zealand journal of botany| issue = v. 10| year = 1972| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2HkWAAAAIAAJ| access-date = 11 July 2018| page = 556}} 4. ^{{cite book| author = New Zealand Law Society| last2 = Cooke| first2 = R.B.| title = Portrait of a Profession: The Centennial Book of the New Zealand Law Society| publisher = A.H. & A.W. Reed| year = 1969| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2WGuAAAAIAAJ| access-date = 11 July 2018| page = 207| quote = ... The Hen and Chicken Islands eventually passed to the nation under the will of his daughter, Isa Outhwaite, as a bird sanctuary. Another signatory ...}} 5. ^{{cite journal| authors = Ruarus, Sylvia; Paquette, Sebastien; Hale, Katrina; Ritchie, Peter| title = Genetic diversity and population viability in translocated North Island saddleback ( Philesturnus rufusater ) populations at Zealandia Karori Sanctuary and Kapiti Island| journal = New Zealand Journal of Ecology| date = April 2011| volume = 35| issue = 3| pages = 220–228| url = http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/new_issues/NZJEcol35_3_220.pdf| accessdate = 30 June 2013}} 6. ^{{cite book| last = Pigott| first = P.| title = Sailing Seven Seas: A History of the Canadian Pacific Line| publisher = Dundurn| year = 2010| isbn = 978-1-4597-1325-3| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yz9UNf-L-qIC&pg=PA144| access-date = 11 July 2018| page = 144| quote = On June 18 at 3:30 a.m., as it set off from Auckland, the Niagara struck a mine in Hauraki Gulf between Hen and Chicken Islands. The minefield of 162 mines had been laid seven days before by the German surface raider Orion. The ship ...}} 7. ^{{cite book| title = The New Zealand Guide| publisher = H. Wise.| series = Wise's directories| year = 1952| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qlTRAAAAMAAJ| access-date = 11 July 2018| page = 91| quote = HEN AND CHICKEN ISLANDS A group of islands off Bream Bay and Whangarei Heads, named by Captain Cook when he ... by the Ngatiwai section of the Ngapuhi Maori who sold them to the Government who by notice in N.Z. Gazette 1883 ...}} 8. ^{{cite book| author = University of Auckland. Field Club| title = Tane| publisher = Auckland University Field Club| issue = v. 24-27| year = 1978| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wrIiAQAAIAAJ| access-date = 11 July 2018| page = 51| quote = The Hen and Chickens Islands were named by Captain James Cook on 25 November, 1769, because they looked like a brooding hen and her chickens (Wharton 1893). The last Maoris to occupy the island are said to have left in 1821 ...}} 9. ^{{cite book| last = Vaughan| first = R.| title = The Mereleigh Record Club Tour of New Zealand| publisher = Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency (SBPRA)| series = The Mereleigh Record Club| year = 2010| isbn = 978-1-60976-230-8| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L6ZVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT212| access-date = 11 July 2018| page = 212}} }}
External links
4 : Whangarei District|Important Bird Areas of New Zealand|Protected areas of the Northland Region|Islands of the Northland Region |
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