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词条 Captain General of the Church
释义

  1. List of Captains General

  2. See also

  3. Notes

  4. References

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The Captain General of the Church ({{lang-it|Capitano generale della Chiesa}}) was the de facto commander-in-chief of the papal armed forces during the Middle Ages. The post was usually conferred on an Italian or other noble with a professional military reputation or (later) a relative of the pope. The parallel office of Gonfalonier of the Church was more a formal and ceremonial honor than the responsibility of a tactical military leader.[1] The office was at times made subordinate to temporary offices, Pope Callixtus III appointed Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (Later Pope Alexander VI) to the office "Chief and General Commissary of the Papal Army." A number of such offices under many titles were used as ministers of war by popes, the captain general operated as a field commander under these offices. Pope Innocent XII removed both ranks and replaced them with the position of Flag-bearer of the Holy Roman Church (Italian: Vessilifero di Santo Romana Chiesa), which later became hereditary in the Naro Patrizi.[2]

It was traditional for the Captain General to carry a baton of command, blessed by the pope.[3]

List of Captains General

{{Expand list|date=February 2011}}{{Clear}}
Captain GeneralPortraitAppointing PopeNotes
Charlemagne*Leo III
(798–816)		"It is safest to conclude that the pope desired that the royal patrician should regard himself as captain-general of the church, and that he should in that capacity be entitled to the military services of its subjects, when called on by the church to interfere for the protection of her temporary rights."[4]
Guillaume DurandMartin IV (1281–1285)[5]
James II of AragonBoniface VIII
(1294–1303)		Gonfalonier, Admiral, and Captain General of the Church; compelled to wage war against his own brother (c.f. Sicilian Vespers)[6][7]
Philip VI of FranceBenedict XII (1334–1342)Circa August 1336[8]
Juan Fernández de HerediaInnocent VI (1352–1362)[9]
Daniele del CarrettoGregory XI (1370–1378)[10]
Carlo I MalatestaBoniface IX
(1389–1404)		"temporary vicar and captain-general of the church"[11]
Braccio da MontoneGregory XII (1406–1415)Appointed in 1414; "Used the army nominally belonging to the Pope to conquer Perugia for himself"[12]
Ranuccio Farnese il VecchioEugene IV
(1431–1447)		Appointed 1435; grandfather of Pope Paul III[13]
Niccolò PiccininoAppointed June 6, 1442; Condottiero; also the commander of the Duke of Milan's forces and thus "one of the first concrete indications" of the alliance between the pope and Milan[14]
Jacques CœurNicholas V (1447–1455)Died as Captain General[15]
Ludovico TrevisanCallixtus III (1455–1458)Trevisan played an important role in organizing the naval campaign against the Ottomans in December 1455, both responsible for the construction of the papal navy and appointed "apostolic legate, governor general, captain and general condottiere" in charge of it.[16]
Giovanni I Ventimiglia, Marquess of Geraci (1445 and 1455)
Pedro Luis de BorjaAlso Prefect of Rome[17] Not to be confused with Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de Romaní
Antonio PiccolominiPius II
(1458–1464)		Son of the sister of Pius II; lay relative; salary of 2000 ducats a year and castellan of Castel Sant'Angelo; hereditary principate as Duke of Amalfi, conferred through King Ferrante, an office held by later papal relatives as well[18]
Girolamo RiarioSixtus IV
(1471–1484)		Pazzi conspirator; brother of cardinal-nephew Pietro Riario;[19] title later removed[20]
Franceschetto CyboInnocent VIII (1484–1492)Illegitimate son of Innocent VIII[21]
Roberto EustachioFormer condottiero for Milan; led the campaign against Alfonso of Calabria; later returned to the service of the Republic of Venice[22]
Niccolò di Pitigliano (Orsini)Appointed June 27, 1489, in the midst of a conflict with Ferrante[23]
Giovanni BorgiaAlexander VI
(1492–1503)		Son; also Duke of Gandia and Gonfalonier; assassinated by an unknown perpetrator, most likely his political enemies.[24]
Cesare BorgiaSon; former cardinal-nephew, also Gonfalonier; often directly or indirectly accused of Giovanni's assassination,[25][26] but unlikely to have been the actual culprit.[24][27] Julius II, the "Warrior Pope", refused to confirm Cesare upon his election.[28]
Francesco Maria I della RovereJulius II
(1503–1513)		Son of Julius II's brother, Giovanni, and the adopted heir of Guidobaldo, Duke of Urbino;[29] retained for one year after Julius II's death, paid 13,844 ducats plus a 30,000 ducat allowance for his company of 200 men-at-arms and 100 light cavalry[30]
Giuliano di Lorenzo de' MediciLeo X
(1513–1521)		Giuliano's cousin Giulio (future Pope Clement VII) was papal legate to the army[31]
Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of UrbinoAppointed after the death of Giuliano in 1516; initially commanded the papal army in the War of Urbino (1517)[32]
Bernardo Dovizidate=May 2013}}
Federico II, Duke of MantuaSon of Isabella d'Este; also Gonfalonier; did not intervene in the Sack of Rome (1527)[33]
Adrian VI (1522–1523)
Francesco Maria I della RovereClement VII
(1523–1535)		Reappointed by Clement VII after his Dukedom had been stripped by Leo X and then reinstated by Adrian VI[34]
Pier Luigi FarnesePaul III
(1534–1549)		Appointed February 2, 1537l; son of Paul III and former Gonfaloniere (appointed January 1535); held both titles simultaneously[35]
Giambattista del MonteJulius III
(1550–1555)		Nephew of Julius III[36]
Guidobaldo II della Rovere[38]
Giovanni CarafaPaul IV (1555–1559)Appointed after the resignation of Guidobaldo; nephew of Paul IV; allegedly "affable and incompetent"[37]
Marcantonio ColonnaGregory XIII (1572–1585)Led the papal fleet during the Battle of Lepanto (1571)[38]
Taddeo BarberiniUrban VIII
(1623–1644)		Brother of cardinal-nephew Antonio Barberini[39]
Livio OdescalchiInnocent XI (1676–1689)Nephew of Innocent XI; also Gonfalonier[40]
Antonio OttoboniAlexander VIII (1689–1691)[41]

See also

{{portal|Vatican City|Catholicism|Christianity|History}}
  • Captain General, for similarly named ranks
  • Gonfalonier of the Church
  • Condottieri
  • Papal States

Notes

1. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 28.
2. ^Levillain, Philippe. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7VDcmDeLuV4C The Papacy: An Encyclopedia.] "Heraldry." Accessed 5 June 2010.
3. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 142.
4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=mRwQAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1MFUy3aEAtM58Sq1aud8-cHOxlcw The Historians' History of the World]. 1909. p. 662.
5. ^Ronny O. Bodine and Thomas W. Spalding. 1995. The Ancestry of Dorothea Poyntz, Wife of Reverend John Owsley: Generations 1–12. R.O. Bodine & T.W. Spalding, Jr. p. 140.
6. ^{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Pope Boniface VIII}}
7. ^Michele Amari, Francis Egerton Ellesmere. 1850. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bZMKAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1llhyhEZrb0tSgt0Us1EGh-VsLhg History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers]. R. Bentley. p. 64.
8. ^Jonathan Simon Christopher Riley-Smith, Jonathan Riley-Smith. 2005. The Crusades: A History. Continuum InternationalPublishing Group. {{ISBN|0-8264-7270-2}}. p. 267.
9. ^H. J. A. Sire. 1994. The Knights of Malta. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-06885-9}}. p. 42.
10. ^Paul R. Thibault. 1987. Pope Gregory XI: The Failure of Tradition. University Press of America. {{ISBN|0-8191-5462-8}}. p. 64.
11. ^Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=vbozEF-xrLsC&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0giR6hh6pegw9zfJY7Pv8W-1dwFQ Rome]". p. 681.
12. ^June Osborne, Joe Cornish. 2002. Urbino: The Story of a Renaissance City. Frances Lincoln Ltd. {{ISBN|0-7112-2086-7}}. p. 45.
13. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 162.
14. ^Joachim W. Stieber. 1978. Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire. BRILL. {{ISBN|90-04-05240-2}}. p. 195.
15. ^MacMillan's Magazine. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=5CEAAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1xiFD-AoxETtOvjDnYXW485LQ0hw A King's Treasurer]". p. 320.
16. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 49.
17. ^Maria Bellonci. 1939. The Life and Times of Lucrezia Borgia. Harcourt, Brace. p. 15.
18. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 59.
19. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYtAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1R4ICrtE1Xq1foyVsTq0lpqFyVJA New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia]. 1911. Funk and Wagnalls Company. p. 446.
20. ^Levillain, Philippe. 2002. The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. p. 799.
21. ^John William Bradley. 1888. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n4wFAAAAMAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U11HhlSu098VJu2z-qktUIc7lYXMg A Dictionary of Miniaturists, Illuminators, Calligraphers, and Copyists]. B. Quaritch. p. 291.
22. ^Julia Mary Cartwright Ady. 1920. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EHFHnl7mYg4C&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U2XBKR_ODyv8ZUGq-RJ_rMkFAIlBw Beatrice D'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475–1497: A Study of the Renaissance]. E. P. Dutton & co. p. 43.
23. ^Pastor, Ludwig. 1902. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TgKLnHGn5XoC&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1yZ5gbu-S_ZlZTbMxsg6URHpttLg The History of the Popes].K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd. p. 276.
24. ^1 {{Cite book|title=The Borgias: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Denasty.|last=Mallett|first=Michael|publisher=Paladin|year=1971|isbn=|location=London|pages=140–142}}
25. ^Eliakim Littell, Making of America Project, Robert S. Littell. 1888. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dl7S576_4ecC&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U3CUYoEnpRQkW3js5guyMDXPsrvEA The Living Age]. Living Age Co. p. 70.
26. ^Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-VKDHTkab8C&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1oODwcurhRKELls8SyNV8kJRziWw Borgia]". 1901. J.B. Lippincott Company. p. 329.
27. ^{{Cite book|title=Cesare Borgia: His Life and Times|last=Bradford|first=Sarah|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1981|isbn=0 297 77124 8|location=London|pages=64–67}}
28. ^The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 1983. p. 42.
29. ^Chambers, 2006, pp. 14–15.
30. ^James Dennistoun. 1851. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WLsLAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0vuaRxq24uKkM4Wvt28FTPdWLNpA Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino]. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 340.
31. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 137.
32. ^[Apostolo Zeno, Piercaterino Zeno] (1721) [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hA0AAAAMAAJ Giornale de' letterati d'Italia, Tomo trentesimoterzo, parte I] (volume 33, part 1). In Venezia MDCCXXI: Appresso Gio. Gabbriello Hertz. Con licenza de' superiori, e privilegio anche di N.S Clemente XI. (in Italian) p. 246. Accessed May 2013.
33. ^Christopher Hare, Marian Andrews, Baldassarre Castiglione. 1908. [https://books.google.com/books?id=THH2WFx_GmYC&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U3_oODjUjq0VOdWztW2f_i2hwVnHQ Courts & camps of the Italian renaissance]. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 131.
34. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 148.
35. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 153.
36. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 163.
37. ^1 Setton, Kenneth M. 1984. The Papacy and the Levant: 1204–1571. DIANE Publishing. {{ISBN|0-87169-162-0}}. p. 643.
38. ^Hugh Bicheno. 2004. Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. {{ISBN|1-84212-753-5}}. p. 159.
39. ^Chambers, 2006, p. 176.
40. ^http://www.mcsearch.info/record.html?id=101019
41. ^Edward J. Olszewski. 2004. Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (1667–1740) and the Vatican Tomb of Pope Alexander VIII. DIANE Publishing. {{ISBN|0-87169-252-X}}. p. 111.

References

  • Chambers, D.S. 2006. Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe. I.B. Tauris. {{ISBN|1-84511-178-8}}.

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