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词条 Hero of Alexandria
释义

  1. Life and career

  2. Inventions

  3. Mathematics

  4. Cultural references

  5. Bibliography

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{Infobox scientist
| name =Hero of Alexandria
| native_name = Ἥρων
| image = Hero of Alexandria.png
| caption = 17th-century German depiction of Hero
| birth_date = {{circa}} 10 AD
| death_date = {{circa}} 70 AD
| residence = Alexandria, Roman Egypt
| known_for = Aeolipile
| field = Mathematics , Physics
}}Hero of Alexandria ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɪər|oʊ}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἥρων[1] ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς}}, Heron ho Alexandreus; also known as Heron of Alexandria {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛr|ən}}; c. 10 AD – c. 70 AD) was a mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt. He is considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity[2] and his work is representative of the Hellenistic scientific tradition.[3]

Hero published a well-recognized description of a steam-powered device called an aeolipile (sometimes called a "Hero engine"). Among his most famous inventions was a windwheel, constituting the earliest instance of wind harnessing on land.[4][5] He is said to have been a follower of the atomists. Some of his ideas were derived from the works of Ctesibius.

Much of Hero's original writings and designs have been lost, but some of his works were preserved - mostly in manuscripts from the Eastern Roman Empire, and a smaller part in Latin or Arabic translations.

Life and career

Hero may have been either a Greek[2] or a Hellenized Egyptian.[4][5][6][7][8] It is almost certain that Hero taught at the Musaeum which included the famous Library of Alexandria, because most of his writings appear as lecture notes for courses in mathematics, mechanics, physics, and pneumatics. Although the field was not formalized until the twentieth century, it is thought that the work of Hero, his automated devices in particular, represents some of the first formal research into cybernetics.[9]

Inventions

Hero described[10] the construction of the aeolipile (a version of which is known as Hero's engine) which was a rocket-like reaction engine and the first-recorded steam engine (although Vitruvius mentioned the aeolipile in De Architectura some 100 years earlier than Hero). It was created almost two millennia before the industrial revolution. Another engine used air from a closed chamber heated by an altar fire to displace water from a sealed vessel; the water was collected and its weight, pulling on a rope, opened temple doors.[11] Some historians have conflated the two inventions to assert that the aeolipile was capable of useful work.[12]

  • The first vending machine was also one of his constructions; when a coin was introduced via a slot on the top of the machine, a set amount of holy water was dispensed. This was included in his list of inventions in his book Mechanics and Optics. When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened up a valve which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counter-weight would snap the lever back up and turn off the valve.[13]
  • A windwheel operating an organ, marking the first instance in history of wind powering a machine.[14][15]
  • Hero also invented many mechanisms for the Greek theater, including an entirely mechanical play almost ten minutes in length, powered by a binary-like system of ropes, knots, and simple machines operated by a rotating cylindrical cogwheel. The sound of thunder was produced by the mechanically-timed dropping of metal balls onto a hidden drum.
  • The force pump was widely used in the Roman world, and one application was in a fire-engine.
  • A syringe-like device was described by Hero to control the delivery of air or liquids.[16]
  • In optics, Hero formulated the principle of the shortest path of light: If a ray of light propagates from point A to point B within the same medium, the path-length followed is the shortest possible. It was nearly 1000 years later that Alhacen expanded the principle to both reflection and refraction, and the principle was later stated in this form by Pierre de Fermat in 1662; the most modern form is that the path is at an extremum.
  • A standalone fountain that operates under self-contained hydrostatic energy (Hero's fountain)
  • A programmable cart that was powered by a falling weight. The "program" consisted of strings wrapped around the drive axle.[17]
  • Around 100 AD, Hero had described an odometer-like device that could be driven automatically and could effectively count in digital form–an important notation in the history of computing. However, it was not until the 1600s that mechanical devices for digital computation appear to have actually been built. {{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Mathematics

Hero described a method for iteratively computing the square root of a number.[18] Today, however, his name is most closely associated with Hero's formula for finding the area of a triangle from its side lengths. He also devised a method for calculating cube roots in the 1st century CE.[19]

Cultural references

  • A 1979 Soviet animated short film focuses on Hero's invention of the aeolipile, showing him as a plain craftsman who invented the turbine accidentally[20]
  • A 2007 The History Channel television show Ancient Discoveries includes recreations of most of Hero's devices
  • A 2010 The History Channel television show Ancient Aliens episode "Alien Tech" includes discussion of Hero's steam engine
  • A 2014 The History Channel television show Ancient Impossible episode "Ancient Einstein"
  • Paul Levinson's Science Fiction novel "The Plot to Save Socrates" asserts that Hero was an American time traveler.

Bibliography

The most comprehensive edition of Hero's works was published in five volumes in Leipzig by the publishing house Teubner in 1903.

Works known to have been written by Hero:

  • Pneumatica (Πνευματικά), a description of machines working on air, steam or water pressure, including the hydraulis or water organ[21]
  • Automata, a description of machines which enable wonders in temples by mechanical or pneumatical means (e.g. automatic opening or closing of temple doors, statues that pour wine, etc.); See Automaton and Bernardino Baldi's translation[22]
  • Mechanica, preserved only in Arabic, written for architects, containing means to lift heavy objects
  • Metrica, a description of how to calculate surfaces and volumes of diverse objects
  • On the Dioptra, a collection of methods to measure lengths, a work in which the odometer and the dioptra, an apparatus which resembles the theodolite, are described
  • Belopoeica, a description of war machines
  • Catoptrica, about the progression of light, reflection and the use of mirrors

Works that sometimes have been attributed to Hero, but are now thought most likely to have been written by someone else:[23]

  • Geometrica, a collection of equations based on the first chapter of Metrica
  • Stereometrica, examples of three-dimensional calculations based on the second chapter of Metrica
  • Mensurae, tools which can be used to conduct measurements based on Stereometrica and Metrica
  • Cheiroballistra, about catapults
  • Definitiones, containing definitions of terms for geometry

Works that are preserved only in fragments:

  • Geodesia
  • Geoponica

See also

  • Heronian triangle
  • Heronian mean

References

1. ^Genitive: Ἥρωνος.
2. ^1 {{cite book | title=The Hutchinson dictionary of scientific biography | author = Research Machines plc. | location = Abingdon, Oxon | publisher = Helicon Publishing | year = 2004 | page = 546 | quote = Hero of Alexandria (lived c. AD 60) Greek mathematician and engineer, the greatest experimentalist of antiquity}}
3. ^Marie Boas, "Hero's Pneumatica: A Study of Its Transmission and Influence", Isis, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Feb., 1949), p. 38 and supra
4. ^George Sarton (1936). "The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World", Osiris 2, p. 406-463 [429]
5. ^{{cite episode |title=Hero of Alexandria |series=The Engines of Our Ingenuity |serieslink=The Engines of Our Ingenuity |credits=John H. Lienhard |network=NPR |station=KUHF-FM Houston |airdate=1995 |number=1038 |url=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1038.htm}}
6. ^T. D. De Marco (1974). "Gas-Turbine Standby-Power Generation for Water-Treatment Plants", Journal American Water Works Association 66 (2), p. 133-138.
7. ^Justin E. Wilson (2006). Heron’s Formula {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326201121/http://education.uncc.edu/cmste/summer/2006%20History%20of%20Mathematics/Justin1.doc |date=2009-03-26 }}, University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
8. ^Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 184. Addison Wesley, {{isbn|0-321-01618-1}}: "But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted [...] So should we assume that Ptolemy and Diophantus, Pappus and Hypatia were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities [...] And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist."
9. ^{{cite book | author = Kelly, Kevin | title = Out of control: the new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world | publisher = Addison-Wesley | location = Boston | year = 1994 | pages = | isbn = 0-201-48340-8 | oclc = | doi = }}
10. ^{{cite book|title=Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater|author-last=Hero|author-link=Hero of Alexandria|others=Wilhelm Schmidt (translator)|place=Leipzig|publisher=B.G. Teubner|date=1899|language =Greek, German|url=https://archive.org/stream/heronsvonalexandhero#page/228/mode/2up|pages=228–232|chapter=Pneumatika, Book ΙΙ, Chapter XI}}
11. ^{{cite web |last = Hero of Alexandria |first = |authorlink = |others = Bennet Woodcroft (trans.) |title = Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar |work = Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria |publisher = London: Taylor Walton and Maberly (online edition from University of Rochester, Rochester, NY) |year = 1851 |url = http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/hero/section37.html |doi = |accessdate = 2008-04-23 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509122356/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/hero/section37.html |archivedate = 2008-05-09 |df = }}
12. ^For example: {{cite book | last = Mokyr | first = Joel | authorlink = Joel Mokyr | title = Twenty-five centuries of technological change | publisher = Routledge | year = 2001 | location = London | page = 11 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0-415-26931-8 |quote=Among the devices credited to Hero are the aeolipile, a working steam engine used to open temple doors}} and {{cite book | last = Wood | first = Chris M. |author2=McDonald, D. Gordon | title = Global Warming | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1997 | location = Cambridge, England | page = 3 | chapter=History of propulsion devices and turbo machines | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-521-49532-6 |quote=Two exhaust nozzles...were used to direct the steam with high velocity and rotate the sphere...By attaching ropes to the axial shaft Hero used the developed power to perform tasks such as opening temple doors }}
13. ^{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-06137-7| last = Humphrey| first = John W.|author2=John P. Oleson |author3=Andrew N. Sherwood | title = Greek and Roman technology: A Sourcebook. Annotated translations of Greek and Latin texts and documents| location = London and New York| series = Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World| year = 1998}}, pp. 66–67
14. ^1 A.G. Drachmann, "Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7 (1961), pp. 145–151
15. ^1 Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 1–30 (10f.)
16. ^{{cite book|last1=Woodcroft|first1=Bennet|title=The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria|date=1851|publisher=Taylor Walton and Maberly|location=London|url=http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/hero/section57.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970629025336/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/hero/section57.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=1997-06-29|accessdate=January 27, 2010|quote=No. 57. Description of a Syringe}}
17. ^* {{citation |title=A programmable robot from AD 60|author=Noel Sharkey|publisher=New Scientist|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2007/07/programmable-robot-from-60ad.html|date= July 4, 2007 |volume=2611}}* The above citation embeds a video using Flash Player, which fewer devices support over time. The same video is also available at this URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyQIo9iS_z0
18. ^{{cite book | last = Heath | first = Thomas | title = A History of Greek Mathematics, Vol. 2 | publisher = Clarendon Press | year = 1921 | location = Oxford | pages = 323–324 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LOA5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR323 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}
19. ^{{cite journal|last=Smyly|first=J. Gilbart|title=Heron's Formula for Cube Root|journal=Hermathena|year=1920|volume=19|issue=42|pages=64–67|publisher=Trinity College Dublin|jstor=23037103}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://animator.ru/db/?ver=eng&p=show_film&fid=4676|title=Russian animation in letters and figures | Films | «GERON»|website=animator.ru}}
21. ^{{GroveOnline|title=Hero of Alexandria and Hydraulis|author=Jamies W. McKinnon|access-date=January 17, 2007}}
22. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=8EI8AAAAcAAJ De gli automati, overo machine se moventi, Volume 2] (Venice, 1589; repr. 1601), On Automaton; translated from the Greek.
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Heron.html | author=O'Connor, J.J. | author2=E.F. Robertson | last-author-amp=yes | title=Heron biography | accessdate=2006-06-18 | work=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive }}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|last=Drachmann|first=Aage Gerhardt|title=The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity: A Study of the Literary Sources|year=1963|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison, WI}}
  • {{cite book|last=Landels|first=J.G.|title=Engineering in the ancient world|year=2000|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-22782-4|edition=2nd}}
  • {{cite book|last=Marsden|first=E.W.|title=Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises|year=1969|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford}}
  • Schellenberg, H.M.: Anmerkungen zu Hero von Alexandria und seinem Werk über den Geschützbau, in: Schellenberg, H.M./ Hirschmann, V.E./ Krieckhaus, A.(edd.): A Roman Miscellany. Essays in Honour of Anthony R. Birley on his Seventieth Birthday, Gdansk 2008, 92-130 (with a huge bibliography of over 300 titles and discussion of the communis opinio on Hero).

External links

{{Commons category|Hero of Alexandria}}{{Wikisourcelang|el|Ήρων ο Αλεξανδρεύς|Ἥρων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς}}{{EB1911 poster|Hero of Alexandria}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070905125400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/5/55.html Webpage about Hero by The Technology Museum of Thessaloniki]
  • A translation of Pneumatica with diagrams
  • Heron biography, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
  • [https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit13chisrich#page/378/mode/1up Hero of Alexandria] in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
  • Heron of Alexandria in online Encyclopædia Britannica
  • [https://web.archive.org/all/20121116161839/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries/01Ancient/HeroOfAlexandria/1575 Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] High resolution images preserved at The Internet Archive
  • {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Hero of Alexandria |year=1905 |short=x}}
  • Reconstruction of Heron’s Formulas for Calculating the Volume of Vessels
  • Spiritali di Herone Alessandrino From the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/024.html John Davis Batchelder Collection] at the Library of Congress
  • The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, from the Original Greek. Tr. and ed. by Bennet Woodcroft From the Collections at the Library of Congress
{{Ancient Greek mathematics}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hero Of Alexandria}}

15 : AD 10 births|70 deaths|1st-century people of Roman Egypt|1st-century Greek people|1st-century writers|Ancient Egyptian engineers|Ancient Greek engineers|Ancient Greek inventors|Ancient Greek mathematicians|Ancient Greek science writers|Egyptian inventors|Egyptian people of Greek descent|Geometers|Hellenistic engineers|Roman-era Alexandrians
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