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词条 Hiking
释义

  1. Related terms

  2. History

     United Kingdom  United States 

  3. Significant hiking destinations

     Long-distance hiking  

  4. Equipment

  5. Environmental impact

  6. Etiquette

  7. Hazards

  8. See also

     Types  Trails  Related activities 

  9. References

  10. Bibliography

  11. External links

{{Otheruses|Hiking (sailing)|Backpacking (wilderness)}}{{redirect|Tramping}}Hiking is the preferred term, in Canada and the United States, for a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails (footpaths), in the countryside, while the word walking is used for shorter, particularly urban walks. On the other hand, in the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, the word "walking" is acceptable to describe all forms of walking, whether it is a walk in the park or backpacking in the Alps. The word hiking is also often used in the UK, along with rambling (a slightly old-fashioned term), hillwalking, and fell walking (a term mostly used for hillwalking in northern England). The term bushwalking is endemic to Australia, having been adopted by the Sydney Bush Walkers club in 1927.[1] In New Zealand a long, vigorous walk or hike is called tramping.[2] It is a popular activity with numerous hiking organizations worldwide, and studies suggest that all forms of walking have health benefits.[3][4]

Related terms

In the United States, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, and United Kingdom, hiking means walking outdoors on a trail, or off trail, for recreational purposes.[5] A day hike refers to a hike that can be completed in a single day. However, in the United Kingdom, the word walking is also used, as well as rambling, while walking in mountainous areas is called hillwalking. In Northern England, Including the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales, fellwalking describes hill or mountain walks, as fell is the common word for both features there.

Hiking sometimes involves bushwhacking and is sometimes referred to as such. This specifically refers to difficult walking through dense forest, undergrowth, or bushes, where forward progress requires pushing vegetation aside. In extreme cases of bushwhacking, where the vegetation is so dense that human passage is impeded, a machete is used to clear a pathway. The Australian term bushwalking refers to both on and off-trail hiking.[6] Common terms for hiking used by New Zealanders are tramping (particularly for overnight and longer trips),[7] walking or bushwalking. Trekking is the preferred word used to describe multi-day hiking in the mountainous regions of India, Pakistan, Nepal, North America, South America, Iran, and the highlands of East Africa. Hiking a long-distance trail from end-to-end is also referred to as trekking and as thru-hiking in some places.[8] In North America, multi-day hikes, usually with camping, are referred to as backpacking.[5]

History

The idea of taking a walk in the countryside for pleasure developed in the 18th century, and arose because of changing attitudes to the landscape and nature associated with the Romantic movement.[9] In earlier times walking generally indicated poverty and was also associated with vagrancy.[10]

United Kingdom

{{main|Walking in the United Kingdom|Walking in London}}Thomas West, an English priest, popularized the idea of walking for pleasure in his guide to the Lake District of 1778. In the introduction he wrote that he aimed
to encourage the taste of visiting the lakes by furnishing the traveller with a Guide; and for that purpose, the writer has here collected and laid before him, all the select stations and points of view, noticed by those authors who have last made the tour of the lakes, verified by his own repeated observations.[11]
To this end he included various 'stations' or viewpoints around the lakes, from which tourists would be encouraged to enjoy the views in terms of their aesthetic qualities.[12] Published in 1778 the book was a major success.[13]

Another famous early exponent of walking for pleasure, was the English poet William Wordsworth. In 1790 he embarked on an extended tour of France, Switzerland, and Germany, a journey subsequently recorded in his long autobiographical poem The Prelude (1850). His famous poem Tintern Abbey was inspired by a visit to the Wye Valley made during a walking tour of Wales in 1798 with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth. Wordsworth's friend Coleridge was another keen walker and in the autumn of 1799, he and Wordsworth undertook a three weeks tour of the Lake District. John Keats, who belonged to the next generation of Romantic poets began, in June 1818, a walking tour of Scotland, Ireland, and the Lake District with his friend Charles Armitage Brown.

More and more people undertook walking tours through the 19th century, of which the most famous is probably Robert Louis Stevenson's journey through the Cévennes in France with a donkey, recorded in his Travels with a Donkey (1879). Stevenson also published in 1876 his famous essay "Walking Tours". The subgenre of travel writing produced many classics in the subsequent 20th century. An early American example of a book that describes an extended walking tour is naturalist John Muir's A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf (1916), a posthumous published account of a long botanizing walk, undertaken in 1867.

Due to industrialisation in England, people began to migrate to the cities where living standards were often cramped and unsanitary. They would escape the confines of the city by rambling about in the countryside. However, the land in England, particularly around the urban areas of Manchester and Sheffield, was privately owned and trespass was illegal. Rambling clubs soon sprang up in the north and began politically campaigning for the legal 'right to roam'. One of the first such clubs, was 'Sunday Tramps' founded by Leslie White in 1879. The first national grouping, the Federation of Rambling Clubs, was formed in London in 1905 and was heavily patronized by the peerage.[14]

Access to Mountains bills, that would have legislated the public's 'right to roam' across some private land, were periodically presented to Parliament from 1884 to 1932 without success. Finally, in 1932, the Rambler’s Right Movement organized a mass trespass on Kinder Scout in Derbyshire. Despite attempts on the part of the police to prevent the trespass from going ahead it was successfully achieved due to massive publicity. However the Mountain Access Bill that was passed in 1939 was opposed by many walkers' organizations, including The Ramblers, who felt that it did not sufficiently protect their rights, and it was eventually repealed.[15]

The effort to improve access led after World War II to the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, and in 1951 to the creation of the first national park in the UK, the Peak District National Park.[16] The establishment of this and similar national parks helped to improve access for all outdoors enthusiasts.[17] The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 considerably extended the right to roam in England and Wales.

United States

An early example of an interest in hiking in the United States, is Abel Crawford and his son Ethan's clearing of a trail to the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire in 1819.[18] This 8.5 mile path is the oldest continually used hiking trail in the United States. The influence of British and European Romanticism reached North America through the transcendentalist movement, and both Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–82) and Henry David Thoreau (1817-62) were important influences on the outdoors movement in North America. Thoreau's writing on nature and on walking include the posthumously published "Walking" (1862)".[19] His earlier essay "A Walk to Wachusett" (1842) describes a four-day walking tour Thoreau took with a companion from Concord, Massachusetts to the summit of Mount Wachusett, Princeton, Massachusetts and back. In 1876 the Appalachian Mountain Club, America’s earliest recreation organization, was founded to protect the trails and mountains in the northeastern United States.

The Scottish-born, American naturalist John Muir (1838 –1914), was another important early advocate of the preservation of wilderness in the United States. He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park bill that was passed in 1890, establishing Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the United States. The spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings inspired others, including presidents and congressmen, to take action to help preserve large areas of undeveloped countryside.[20] He is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks".[21] In 1916, the National Park Service was created to protect national parks and monuments.

In 1921, Benton MacKaye, a forester, conceived the idea of the America's first National trail, the Appalachian trail, and this was completed in August 1937, running from Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine to Georgia.[22] The Pacific Crest Trail ("PCT") was first explored in the 1930s by the YMCA hiking groups and was eventually registered as a complete border to border trail from Mexico to Canada.[23]

Significant hiking destinations

See also: National Park; National Parks of England and Wales; of Canada; of New Zealand, of South Africa, etc.

In Continental Europe amongst the most popular areas for hiking are the Alps, and in the United Kingdom the Lake District, Snowdonia, and the Scottish Highlands. In the US the National Park system generally is popular, whereas in Canada the Rockies of Alberta and British Columbia are the most popular hiking areas. The most visited hiking area in Asia is probably Nepal. The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is possibly the most hiked short trail in South America.

Long-distance hiking

{{main|Long distance path}}

Frequently nowadays long-distance hikes (walking tours) are undertaken along long-distance paths, including the National Trails in England and Wales, the Kungsleden (Sweden) and the National Trail System in the United States. The Grande Randonnée (France), Grote Routepaden, or Lange-afstand-wandelpaden (Holland), Grande Rota (Portugal), Gran Recorrido (Spain) is a network of long-distance footpaths in Europe, mostly in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. There are extensive networks in other European countries of long-distance trails, as well as in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Nepal, and to a lesser extent other Asiatic countries, like Turkey, Israel, and Jordan. In the Alps of Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, Germany, France, and Italy walking tours are often made from 'hut-to-hut', using an extensive system of mountain huts.

In the late 20th-century there has been a proliferation of official and unofficial long-distance routes, which mean that hikers now are more likely to refer to using a long-distance way (Britain), trail (US), The Grande Randonnée (France), etc., than setting out on a walking tour. Early examples of long-distance paths include the Appalachian Trail in the US and the Pennine Way in Britain. Pilgrimage routes are now treated, by some walkers, as long-distance routes, and the route taken by the British National Trail the North Downs Way closely follows that of the Pilgrims' Way to Canterbury.

Equipment

{{main|Hiking equipment}}

The equipment required for hiking depends on the length of the hike, but day hikers generally carry at least water, food, a map, and rain-proof gear.[5] Hikers usually wear sturdy hiking boots for mountain walking and backpacking, as protection from the rough terrain, as well as providing increased stability.[5] The Mountaineers club recommends a list of "Ten Essentials" equipment for hiking, including a compass, a trekking pole, sunglasses, sunscreen, a flashlight, a first aid kit, a fire starter, and a knife.[24] Other groups recommend items such as hat, gloves, insect repellent, and an emergency blanket.[25] A GPS navigation device can also be helpful and route cards may be used as a guide.

Proponents of ultralight backpacking argue that long lists of required items for multi-day hikes increases pack weight, and hence fatigue and the chance of injury.[26] Instead, they recommend reducing pack weight, in order to make hiking long distances easier. Even the use of hiking boots on long-distances hikes is controversial among ultralight hikers, because of their weight.[26]

Hiking times can be estimated by Naismith's rule or Tobler's hiking function, while distances can be measured on a map with an opisometer. A pedometer is a device that records the distance walked.

Environmental impact

Natural environments are often fragile, and may be accidentally damaged, especially when a large number of hikers are involved. For example, years of gathering wood can strip an alpine area of valuable nutrients, and can cause deforestation;[27] and some species, such as martens or bighorn sheep, are very sensitive to the presence of humans, especially around mating season. Generally, protected areas such as parks have regulations in place to protect the environment, so as to minimize such impact.[27] Such regulations include banning wood fires, restricting camping to established camp sites, disposing or packing out faecal matter, and imposing a quota on the number of hikers. Many hikers espouse the philosophy of Leave No Trace, following strict practices on dealing with food waste, food packaging, and other impact on the environment.[28]

Human feces are often a major source of environmental impact from hiking,[27] and can contaminate the watershed and make other hikers ill. 'Catholes' dug 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) deep, depending on local soil composition and covered after use, at least 60 m (200 feet) away from water sources and trails, are recommended to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.

Fire is a particular source of danger, and an individual hiker can have a large impact on an ecosystem. For example, in 2005, a Czech backpacker started a fire that burnt 5% of Torres del Paine National Park in Chile by knocking over a portable stove.[29]

Etiquette

{{main|Trail ethics}}

Because hikers may come into conflict with other users of the land, hiking etiquette has developed.

  • When two groups of hikers meet on a steep trail, a custom has developed in some areas whereby the group moving uphill has the right-of-way.[30]
  • Various organizations recommend that hikers generally avoid making loud sounds, such as shouting or loud conversation, playing music, or the use of mobile phones.[30] However, in bear country, hikers use noise as a safety precaution.
  • The Leave No Trace movement offers a set of guidelines for low-impact hiking: "Leave nothing but footprints. Take nothing but photos. Kill nothing but time. Keep nothing but memories".
  • Various organizations advise hikers not to feed wild animals, because this can harm the animals and endanger other people.

Hazards

{{Main|Hazards of outdoor recreation}}

As discussed in Hazards of outdoor recreation, hiking may produce threats to personal safety, from such causes as hazardous terrain, inclement weather, becoming lost, or exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions. These dangerous circumstances and/or specific accidents or ailments that hikers face may include, for example, diarrhea, one of the most common illnesses afflicting long-distance hikers in the United States.[31] (See Wilderness acquired diarrhea.)

Additional potential hazards involving physical ailments may include dehydration, frostbite, hypothermia, sunburn, or sunstroke, or such injuries as ankle sprains, or broken bones.[32]

Other threats may be posed attacks by animals (such as mammals (e.g., bears), reptiles (e.g., snakes), or insects) or contact with noxious plants that can cause rashes (e.g., poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, or stinging nettles). Attacks by humans are also a reality in some places, and lightning is also a threat, especially on high ground.

The crossing of glaciers is potentially hazardous because of the potential for crevasses. These giant cracks in the ice are not always visible as snow can be blown and freeze over the top to make a snowbridge. To cross a glacier the use of a rope, crampons and ice axes are usually required. Deep, fast flowing rivers pose another danger that can be mitigated with ropes.

In various countries, borders may be poorly marked. In 2009, Iran imprisoned three Americans for hiking across the Iran-Iraq border.[33] It is illegal to cross into the US on the Pacific Crest Trail from Canada. Going south to north it is more straightforward and a crossing can be made, if advanced arrangements are made with Canada Border Services. Within the Schengen Area, which includes most of the E.U., and associated nations like Switzerland and Norway, there are no impediments to crossing by path, and borders are not always obvious.[34]

See also

  • Bivouac shelter
  • Outdoor literature

Types

  • Dog hiking – hiking with dogs that carry a pack
  • Glacier hiking
  • Llama hiking
  • Nordic Walking – fitness walking with poles
  • Scrambling – "non-technical" rock climbing or mountaineering, or "technical" hiking
  • Swimhiking
  • Waterfalling – aka waterfall hunting and waterfall hiking, is hiking with the purpose of finding and enjoying waterfalls

Trails

See: List of long-distance footpaths

  • Grande Randonnée

Related activities

  • Cross-country skiing – a form of travel on skis that is equivalent to running or hiking in snow
  • Geocaching – an outdoor treasure-hunting game
  • Orienteering – a running sport that involves navigation with a map and compass
  • Peak bagging – hiking to the summits of mountains
  • River trekking – a combination of trekking and climbing and sometimes swimming along a river
  • Rogaining – a sport of long-distance cross-country navigation
  • Snow shoeing – a way of hiking in deep snow
  • Trail blazing – known as waymarking in Europe
  • Trail running – running on trails
    • Fell running – the sport of running over rough mountainous ground, often off-trail.
    • [https://www.runnersworld.com/trail-running/a20800756/running-and-backpacking/ Fastpacking] – a marriage of running and backpacking.{{clear right}}

References

1. ^Sydney Bush Walkers Club's history  
2. ^H. W. Orsman, The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-19-558347-7}}.
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.miller-mccune.com/health/for-good-health-take-a-hike-3862|title=For Good Health: Take a Hike!|first=John|last=McKinney|work=Miller-McCune|date=2009-03-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429134930/http://www.miller-mccune.com/health/for-good-health-take-a-hike-3862/|archivedate=2011-04-29|df=}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=A Step in the Right Direction: The health benefits of hiking and trails|url=http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/AHShealthben.pdf|publisher=American Hiking Society|accessdate=1 June 2012}}
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Hiking|first=Kristin T.|last=Keller|publisher=Capstone Press|year=2007|isbn=0-7368-0916-3}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bushwalkingaustralia.org/ |title=Bushwalking Australia home |publisher=Bushwalking Australia |accessdate=2016-03-18}}
7. ^H. W. Orsman, The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1999.
8. ^{{cite book|title=Long-Distance Hiking: Lessons from the Appalachian Trail|first=Roland|last=Mueser|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1997|isbn=0-07-044458-7}}
9. ^The Norton Anthology of English Literature, ed. M. H. Abrams, vol.2 (7th edition) (2000), p. 9-10.
10. ^Rebecca Solnit, Wanderlust: A History of Walking. New York: Penguin Books, 2000, p.83, and note p.297.
11. ^{{cite book |last=West |title=A Guide to the Lakes |page=2}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lakedistrict.uk7.net/tourist_development.html |title=Development of tourism in the Lake District National Park |accessdate=2008-11-27 |publisher=Lake District UK |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011064752/http://www.lakedistrict.uk7.net/tourist_development.html |archivedate=October 11, 2008 }}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lakedistrict.gov.uk/learning/lakedistrictfacts/archaeologyhistory/archaeologydiscoveryzone/archaeologyindepth/archaeologyviewing-stations-2 |title=Understanding the National Park — Viewing Stations |accessdate=2008-11-27 |publisher=Lake District National Park Authority |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212541/http://www.lakedistrict.gov.uk/learning/lakedistrictfacts/archaeologyhistory/archaeologydiscoveryzone/archaeologyindepth/archaeologyviewing-stations-2 |archivedate=2014-01-04 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBkNAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Forbidden Land: The Struggle for Access to Mountain and Moorland|author=Stephenson, Tom|year=1989|publisher= Manchester University Press|page=78|accessdate=2013-02-07}}
15. ^{{cite book | last=Stephenson | first=T. | last2=Holt | first2=A. | last3=Harding | first3=M. |chapter=The 1939 Access to Mountains Act | title=Forbidden Land: The Struggle for Access to Mountain and Moorland | publisher=Manchester University Press | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-7190-2966-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i89RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165 }}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/79227/factsheet4-quarrying.pdf |title=Quarrying and mineral extraction in the Peak District National Park |publisher=Peak District National Park Authority |year=2011 |accessdate=17 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055057/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/79227/factsheet4-quarrying.pdf |archivedate=27 January 2012 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://nowthenmagazine.com/issue-52/kinder-trespass/|title=Kinder Trespass. A history of rambling|accessdate=2013-12-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708235247/http://nowthenmagazine.com/issue-52/kinder-trespass/|archivedate=2012-07-08|df=}}
18. ^Condensed Facts About Mount Washington, Atkinson News Co., 1912.
19. ^{{cite news|last1=Thoreau|first1=Henry David|title=Walking|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1862/06/walking/304674/|accessdate=24 July 2017|issue=June 1862|publisher=The Atlantic}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/life/|title=The Life and Contributions of John Muir |publisher=Sierra Club|accessdate=October 23, 2009}}
21. ^{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Barbara Kiely|title=John Muir|publisher=Gareth Stevens|year=2008|page=10|isbn=0836883187}}
22. ^Appalachian Trail Conservancy
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.e2e.com/featured/the-top-10-hiking-trails-in-the-us/|title=The Top 10 Hiking Trails in the US|publisher=e2e.com|access-date=2014-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095352/http://www.e2e.com/featured/the-top-10-hiking-trails-in-the-us|archive-date=2014-02-23|dead-url=yes|df=}}
24. ^{{cite book|title=Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills|edition=6th|publisher=The Mountaineers|pages=35–40|year=1997|isbn=0-89886-427-5}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://texas.sierraclub.org/dallas/page.asp?10essentialgroups|title=Ten Essential Groups Article|publisher=Texas Sierra Club|accessdate=2011-01-19|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yUf4mhtH?url=http://texas.sierraclub.org/dallas/page.asp?10essentialgroups|archivedate=2011-05-07|df=}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|title=Beyond Backpacking: Ray Jardine's Guide to Lightweight Hiking|first=Ray|last=Jardine|publisher=AdventureLore Press|year=2000}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite journal| last =Cole| first =David| authorlink =| title =Impacts of Hiking and Camping on Soils and Vegetation: A Review| journal =| volume =| issue =| pages =| publisher =| location =| url =http://leopold.wilderness.net/research/fprojects/docs12/Ecotourism.pdf| issn =| doi =| id =| accessdate =| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100706020403/http://leopold.wilderness.net/research/fprojects/docs12/Ecotourism.pdf| archivedate =2010-07-06| df =}}
28. ^Leave No Trace[https://lnt.org/about]
29. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-593108/Chilean-park-recovering-fire.html|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20110211180442/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-593108/Chilean-park-recovering-fire.html|archivedate=2011-02-11|title=Chilean park recovering from fire|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=2005-05-25}}
30. ^1 {{cite web|title=Trail Etiquette|first=Melissa|last=Devaughn|work=Backpacker Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cd4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40|accessdate=22 January 2011|date=April 1997|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|page=40|issn=0277-867X}}
31. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01494-8|last=Boulware|first=D.R.|year=2003|title=Medical Risks of Wilderness Hiking|journal=American Journal of Medicine|volume=114|issue=4|pages=288–93|pmid=12681456|display-authors=etal}}
32. ^{{cite book|title=Hiking and Backpacking| page=104| first1=Marni| last1=Goldenberg| first2=Bruce| last2=Martin |publisher=Wilderness Education Association| year=2007| isbn=0-7360-6801-5}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=Iran Seized U.S. Hikers in Iraq, U.S. Report Asserts|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/23/world/middleeast/23hikers.html?_r=1|date=2010-10-23|first1=Michael R.|last1=Gordon|first2=Andrew W.|last2=Lehren}}
34. ^See for example, Via Alpina: 15. What about administrative requirements

Bibliography

  • Amata, Joseph, On Foot, A History of Walking. New York: New York University Press, 2004.
  • Gros, Frédéric. A Philosophy of Walking, trans. by John Howe. London, New York: Verso, 2014.
  • Solnit, Rebecca, Wanderlust: A History of Walking. London: Penguin Books, 2001.

External links

{{Wikivoyage}}{{Wiktionary}}{{Commons and category|Hiking}}
  • {{dmoz|Recreation/Outdoors/Hiking|Recreation: Outdoors: Hiking}}
{{Adventure travel}}{{Physical exercise}}{{Orienteering}}{{Authority control}}

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