“Hill station”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. The term was used mostly in colonial Asia, but also in Africa (albeit rarely), for towns founded by European colonial rulers as refuges from the summer heat, up where temperatures are cooler. In the Indian context, most hill stations are at an altitude of approximately {{convert|1,000|to|2,500|metres}}; very few are outside this range.

History

Under British empire in India

Hill stations in India were established for a variety of reasons. One of the first reasons in the early 1800s, was for the place to act as a sanitorium for the ailing family members of the British rulers.^[1] After the revolt of 1857 the "British sought further distance from what they saw as a disease-ridden land by escape to the Himalayas in the north.Other factors included anxieties about the dangers of life in India, among them "fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land." The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country, illustrated in Lord Lytton's statement about Ootacamund, in the 1870s, "such beautiful English rain, such delicious English mud."^[2] Shimla was officially made the "summer capital of India" in the 1860s and hill stations "served as vital centers of political and military power, especially after the 1857 revolt."^[3]^[4]

Dane Kennedy, following Monika Bührlein, identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India: high refuge, high refuge to hill station, and hill station to town. The first settlements started in the 1820s, primarily as sanitoria. In the 1840s and 1850s, there was a wave of new hill stations, with the main impetus being "places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains". In the second half of the 19th century, there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations. In the final phase, "hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century. The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public-building projects."^[3]{{rp|14}}

List of hill stations

Africa

Madagascar

Morocco

Nigeria

Uganda

Asia

Bangladesh

Cambodia

China

Hong Kong

India

Hundreds of hill stations are located in India. The most popular hill stations include:

Indonesia

Iraq

Jordan

Malaysia

Myanmar

Nepal

Pakistan

Philippines

Sri Lanka

Syria

Turkey

Vietnam

Europe

Cyprus

France

Oceania

Australia

Victoria

South Australia

Queensland

Western Australia

New South Wales

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Dane Keith Kennedy|title=The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UveLzKDlZBEC&pg=PR9|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20188-0|page=24}}
2. ^{{cite book|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf |author2=Thomas R. Metcalf |title=A Concise History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63974-3 |page=111 }}
3. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Dane |title=The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft396nb1sf;brand=ucpress|accessdate=19 Aug 2014}}
4. ^{{cite book | author=Vipin Pubby | title=Shimla Then and Now | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZ-ibfhMyMC&pg=PA17 | accessdate=16 August 2013 | year=1996 | publisher=Indus Publishing | isbn=978-81-7387-046-0 | pages=17–34}}