“Hinton Rowan Helper”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Helper was born near Mocksville, North Carolina. He was the son of a small slave-owning farmer in Western North Carolina. His father died before Helper was a year old, but he was cared for by a wealthy extended family and obtained a good education with the financial help of his uncle. He graduated from Mocksville Academy in 1848, and went to California in 1851 in hopes of finding wealth, but came back in 1854 disillusioned.

In 1855 Helper wrote the book The Land of Gold. Reality versus fiction, which widely ridiculed the state. Deeply opposed to slavery and the condition of Southern culture and lack of economic progress, Helper later wrote one of the most effective criticisms of the South titled The Impending Crisis of the South. In it he argued the South's growth, prosperity, and cultural development were being held back by slavery. He deployed statistics from the census to show that land values, literacy levels, and manufacturing rates were considerably lower in the South than in the North. He warned of the devastation caused by slavery through deforestation. He proposed that slaveholders be taxed to colonize all free blacks in Africa or Latin America.^[2]

The success of The Impending Crisithe South made Helper famous overnight. It also heightened the political crisis by raising fears among Southerners that poor landless Southern whites might turn against slavery if they saw that it did not benefit them. The fear of class divisions within the white community was enough to lead many Southerners who had previously been opponents of secession to embrace it after the election of Abraham Lincoln.^[3]

After the war Helper appeared as a white supremacist, urging the wholesale expulsion of former slaves. His hatred of blacks eventually became a phobia, to the point that he would not patronize hotels or restaurants that employed blacks. Southern enemies of Reconstruction were unwilling to forgive his previous opposition to slavery, and he remained a marginal, and increasingly unstable, character in postwar America.^[4]

Lincoln appointed Helper as United States consul in Buenos Aires from 1861 to 1866. He spent most of the postwar years promoting a scheme to build an intercontinental railroad connecting North and South America, which would help replace black and brown peoples with whites. The "Three Americas Railway" was supposed to extend from the Bering Sea to the Strait of Magellan. His schemes never came to anything, and he committed suicide by turning on the gas in his Washington, D.C. apartment.^[5]

The Impending Crisis of the South

The book, which was a combination of statistical charts and provocative prose, attracted little attention until 1859 when it was widely reprinted in condensed form by Northern opponents of slavery. Helper concluded that slavery hurt the Southern economy overall (by preventing economic development and industrialization), and was the main reason why the South had progressed so much less than the North (according to the results of the 1850 census). Helper spoke on behalf of the majority of Southern whites of moderate means—the Plain Folk of the Old South—who he said were oppressed by a small (but politically dominant) aristocracy of wealthy slave-owners.^[6]

The reaction in the South was very negative. According to John Spencer Bassett, who studied the issue and wrote in 1898, circulating Helper's book could be the basis of criminal charges and politicians often accused each other of having read it, but many of the most successful politicians read it and used it to change the problems stated.^[7] In his 1867 essay, "War of races. By whom it is sought to be brought about. Considered in two letters, with copious extracts from the recent work of Hilton R. Helper", John Harmer Gilmer calls Helper a profane miscreant, one of many insults directed at Helper in that essay.^[8]

There are very few references to blacks in the book, and certainly slavery as an economic institution is denounced, not black people. It generated a furor in the South, where authorities banned its possession and distribution and burned copies that could be seized. Between 1857 and 1861 nearly 150,000 copies of the book were circulated, and in 1860 the Republican party distributed it as a campaign document. In December 1859 Democrats returning to Congress reacted with indignation because 68 Republicans had endorsed the book and planned to use it as campaign literature in the presidential election of 1860. Opponents blocked the election of Republican John Sherman as speaker because he had endorsed the book.^[9]^[10]

Tributes

Primary sources

Helper's Works

Works by other authors

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.libarts.uco.edu/history/faculty/roberson/course/1333/Biographies/1/1333HintonHelperperiodI.htm |title=Helper, Hinton Rowan (27 DecHelper, Hinton Rowan (27 Dec. 1829-8 Mar. 1909),publicist George M. Fredrickson American National Biography of the Day, Copyright ANB.org |publisher=Libarts.uco.edu |date=2013-01-16 |accessdate=2013-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120804060347/http://www.libarts.uco.edu/history/faculty/roberson/course/1333/Biographies/1/1333HintonHelperperiodI.htm |archivedate=2012-08-04 |df= }}
2. ^Brown (2004)
3. ^Brown (2004)
4. ^Fredrickson (1998)
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/commentary/345/entry |title=North Carolina History Project |publisher=Northcarolinahistory.org |date=1909-03-08 |accessdate=2013-02-16}}
6. ^Brown (2004)
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-antebellum/4493 |title=John Spencer Bassett, Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Vol. XVI, No. 6 (June, 1898), pp. 15, 24–27. LEARN NC Chapter 7.9 Furor over Hinton Helper's book |publisher=Learnnc.org |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2013-02-16}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/warofracesbywhom00gilm/warofracesbywhom00gilm_djvu.txt |title=War of races. By whom it is sought to be brought about. Considered in two letters, with copious extracts from the recent work of Hilton R. Helper |publisher=Archive.org |date= |accessdate=2013-02-16}}
9. ^Brown (2004)
10. ^Fredrickson (1998)
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1358&ResourceType=Building |title=Helper, Hinton Rowan, House |publisher=Tps.cr.nps.gov |date=1973-11-07 |accessdate=2013-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925004854/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1358&ResourceType=Building |archivedate=2012-09-25 |df= }}

Biography

The Impending Crisis of the South