| 词条 | Hirta |
| 释义 |
|{{Infobox Scottish island |coordinates = {{coord|57.80|-8.63|display=inline}} |location_map=Scotland Outer Hebrides |GridReference=NF092998 |caption=Hirta, in the St Kilda archipelago of Scotland |celtic name=Hiort |norse name= |meaning of name=Uncertain |area= {{convert|670|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} |area rank= 65 |highest elevation= {{convert|430|m|ft|abbr=on}} |Population=abandoned in 1930 |population rank= |main settlement= |island group=St Kilda |local authority=Na h-Eileanan Siar |references=[1][2][3][4] }} | }} Hirta ({{lang-gd|Hiort}}) is the largest island in the St Kilda archipelago, on the western edge of Scotland. The names {{lang|gd|Hiort}} (in Scottish Gaelic) and Hirta (historically in English) have also been applied to the entire archipelago. GeographyThe island measures {{convert|3.4|km|mi|2}} from east to west, and {{convert|3.3|km|mi|2}} from north to south. It has an area of {{convert|6.285|km2|sqmi}} and about {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline. The only real landing place is in the shelter of Village Bay on the southeast side of the island. The island slopes gently down to the sea at Glen Bay (at the western end of the north coast), but the rocks go straight into the sea at a shallow angle and landing here is not easy if there is any swell at all. Apart from these two places, the cliffs rise sheer out of deep water. However, sea kayakers can also land for a break on a small boulder beach backed by cliffs in the north of the island, just before the northeast side where the highest summit in the island, Conachair, forms a precipice {{convert|430|m|ft|adj=mid|high|abbr=on}}. St Kilda is probably the core of a Tertiary volcano, but, besides volcanic rocks, it contains hills of sandstone in which the stratification is distinct. {{lang|gd|Dùn|italic=no}} is separated from Hirta by a shallow strait about {{convert|50|m|yd}} wide, which is normally impassable but is reputed to dry out on rare occasions.[2]EtymologyThe origin of Hirta is open to interpretation. Martin (1703) states that "Hirta is taken from the Irish {{lang|ga|Ier}}, which in that language signifies west".[5] Maclean offers several options, including an unspecified Celtic word meaning "gloom" or "death", later suggested to be {{lang|cel|Ei hirt}} – dangerous or deathlike,[2] or the Scots Gaelic {{lang|gd|hIar-Tìr}} ("westland"). Drawing on an Icelandic saga describing an early 13th-century voyage to Ireland that mentions a visit to the islands of "Hirtir", he speculates that the shape of Hirta resembles a stag, ({{wikt-lang|non|hjǫrtr|hirtir}} meaning "stags" in Norse).[6] Steel (1998) quotes the view of Reverend Neil Mackenzie, who lived there from 1829 to 1844, that the name is derived from the Gaelic {{lang|gd|Ì Àrd}} ("high island"), and a further possibility that it is from the Norse {{lang|non|hirt}} ("shepherd").[7] In a similar vein, Murray (1966) speculates that the Norse {{lang|non|Hirðö}} ("herd island", {{IPA-is|hirðø|pron}}, {{respell|HIRR|dhur}}), may be the origin.[8] PopulationThe islands were continuously populated from prehistoric times until 1930, when the remaining inhabitants were evacuated. On 29 August the 36 inhabitants were removed to Morvern on the Scottish mainland at their own request.
St Kilda was part of the Lordship of the Isles, then a property of the MacLeods of Dunvegan from 1498 until 1930. There were three chapels on St Kilda, dedicated to Saint Brendan, Saint Columba, and Christ Church, but little remains. There are also the remains of a beehive house, known as the Amazon's House. The islanders had a tough life, and survived by exploiting the thousands of sea birds living on the islands. There are a large number of cleits, huts used for storing dried sea birds, fish, hay and turf. The islanders had a very democratic system, and decisions were taken by an island council, made up of all the menfolk. The present village was set out in the 1830s above Village Bay; in the 1880s some of the population left for Australia, with the remaining inhabitants being evacuated in 1930. The island was bequeathed to the National Trust for Scotland in 1957 and was designated as Scotland's first World Heritage Site in 1987. It is possible to visit the island. The Ministry of Defence established a base on Hirta for tracking missiles fired from the station on South Uist.[11] Surrounding stacksHirta is surrounded by a number of small stacks. {{lang|gd|Bradastac|italic=no}}, {{lang|gd|Mina Stac|italic=no}} and {{lang|gd|Sgeir Domhnuill|italic=no}} lie under the cliffs of {{lang|gd|Conachair|italic=no}} to the east and {{lang|gd|Sgeir nan Sgarbh|italic=no}} further south under the heights of {{lang|gd|Osieval|italic=no}}. {{lang|gd|An Torc|italic=no}} is west of {{lang|gd|Ruabhal|italic=no}} and {{lang|gd|Sgeir Mhòr|italic=no}} is further north under {{lang|gd|Mullach Bi|italic=no}}. There are also various large stacks in the narrow strait between Hirta and Soay: {{lang|gd|Stac Dona|italic=no}}, {{lang|gd|Stac Soay|italic=no}} and {{lang|gd|Stac Biorach|italic=no}}. {{clear left}}See also
Notes1. ^{{NRS1C}} 2. ^1 2 Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 315 3. ^{{Ordnance Survey}} 4. ^Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 107 5. ^Martin, Martin (1703). 6. ^Maclean (1977) p. 33 7. ^Steel (1988) pages 26–27. 8. ^Murray (1966) pp. 196, 236. 9. ^Maclean (1977) p. 142 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=1652132005 |title=St Kilda and the seas of change |accessdate=12 October 2007 |last=Maclean |first=Diane |date=2005-07-20 |work=The Scotsman |publisher=Scotsman Publications Ltd |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710222939/http://heritage.scotsman.com/timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=1652132005 |archivedate=10 July 2007}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualhebrides.com/location/kilda.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305184414/http://www.virtualhebrides.com/location/kilda.htm |archivedate=2010-03-05 }} References
External links
5 : St Kilda, Scotland|Seabird colonies|Former populated places in Scotland|Neolithic Scotland|Uninhabited islands of the Outer Hebrides |
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