词条 | Historical names of Transylvania |
释义 |
Transylvania has had different names applied to it in several traditions. TransylvaniaThe first reference to the region was as the Medieval Latin expression terra ultra silvam "land beyond the forest" in a document dating to 1075. The expression Partes Transsylvanæ "area beyond the forest" appears in the 12th century in Legenda Sancti Gerhardi and subsequently as Transsilvania in medieval documents of the Hungarian kingdom. Ardeal/ErdélyThe names of Ardeal in Romanian and Erdély in Hungarian are believed to be connected. However, the original source and meaning are disputed and claimed by both Romanians and Hungarians. The first Hungarian form recorded was Erdeuelu (12th century, in the Gesta Hungarorum), while the first Romanian form recorded was in 1432 as Ardeliu.[1][2] The initial a/e difference between the names can be found in other Hungarian loans in Romanian, such as Hung. egres ‘gooseberry’ → Rom. agriș, agreș, as well as in placenames, e.g., Egyed, Erdőd, Erdőfalva, Esküllő → Adjud, Ardud, Ardeova, and Așchileu. Hungarian viewThe consensus of Hungarian linguists and Hungarian historians on the etymology of both Erdély and Transylvania is as follows:
Romanian viewSeveral Romanian perspectives have suggested alternative etymologies:
SiebenbürgenThe oldest occurrences of this form are from the 13th century:
There exist a number of theories on the etymology of Siebenbürgen, the German name for Transylvania. The most widely accepted theory is that Siebenbürgen refers to the seven principal fortified towns of the Transylvanian Saxons. The name first appeared in a document from 1296. An alternate Medieval Latin version, Septem Castra ("Seven fortresses") was also used in documents. The towns alluded to are: Bistritz (Bistrița, Beszterce), Hermannstadt (Sibiu, Nagyszeben), Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca, Kolozsvár), Kronstadt (Brașov, Brassó), Mediasch (Mediaș, Medgyes), Mühlbach (Sebeș, Szászsebes), and Schässburg (Sighișoara, Segesvár). {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Other theories include:
The Slavic names of the region (Sedmigradsko or Sedmogradsko (Седмиградско or Седмоградско) in Bulgarian, Sedmogradska in Croatian, Sedmograjska in Slovene, Sedmihradsko in Czech, Sedmohradsko in Slovak, Siedmiogród in Polish, Semihorod (Семигород) in Ukrainian), as well as its Walloon name (Zivenbork), are translations of the German one. In Ukrainian, the name Zalissia ({{lang-uk|Залісся}}), meaning "beyond the forest" is also used. References1. ^Lucy Mallow, Transylvania, 2nd edn. (Bradt Travel Guides, 2013), 16. {{DEFAULTSORT:Historical Names Of Transylvania}}2. ^Rupprecht Rohr, Kleines rumänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch: 1. Band: A-B, s.v. “Ardeal” (Frankfurt am Main: Haag + Herchen, 1999), 82. 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Benkő Loránd |author2=Kiss Lajos |author3= Papp László |year=1984 |title=A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára |location=Budapest |publisher= Akadémiai Kiadó |isbn=963-05-3810-5 |language=hu}} 4. ^Armin Hetzer, “Alloglotte Sprechergruppen in den romanischen Sprachräumen: Südostromania”, Romanische Sprachgeschichte, vol. 23, part 2 (Berlin-NY: Walter de Gruyter, 2006), 1843. 5. ^1 Engel, Pál (2001). Realm of St. Stephen: History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 (International Library of Historical Studies), London: I.B. Tauris. {{ISBN|1-86064-061-3}} 6. ^{{cite web|last=Pop|first=Ion-Aurel|trans-title=The Medieval History of Transylvania: from the Romanian Ethnogenesis until Michael the Brave|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/30886268/Istoria-Transilvaniei-Medievale|title=Istoria Transilvaniei Medievale: De la Etnogeneza Romanilor pana la Mihai Viteazul|accessdate=2013-10-03 |year=1997|language=ro}} 7. ^{{cite book|first=F. F. |last=Otrokocsi |title=Origines Hungaricae|volume=I |page= 27 |year=1693 |language=la |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y48AAAAAcAAJ|accessdate=2013-10-03}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Halevi |authorlink=Judah Halevi |title=Sefer ha-Kuzari |location=Vilna |year=1914}} 9. ^{{cite book|first=Ion|last= Marțian|title=Ardealul nu derivă din ungurește |location=Bistrița |year=1925 |language=ro}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores |volume=X |location=Hannover |year=1852 |page=59}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores |volume=XVII |year=1861 |page=294}} 12. ^{{cite book|title=Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores | volume=XVI |year= 1859 |page=34}} 13. ^{{cite book |title=Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores |chapter=Annales Polonorum |volume= XIX |page=684}} 14. ^{{cite book|title=Urkundebuch zur Geschichte der Deutschen in Siebenbürgen |volume=I |issue=nr. 201 |page=143}} 15. ^{{cite book|first=Apud J. |last=Wolff |chapter=Die Landesnamen Siebenbürgens'|title=Programm des vierklassigen evangelischen Gymnasiums in Mühlbach |language=de |location=Hermannstadt |year=1886 |page=16}} 16. ^{{cite book|last=Kontler|first=László|year=1999 |title=A History of Hungary: Millennium in Central Europe |location=Budapest |publisher=Atlantisz |isbn=963-9165-37-9}} 17. ^{{cite web|last=Popa |first=Klaus |year=1996 |url=http://www.zinnenwarte.de/Transsylvania/Out.htm |title=An Outline of Transilvanian-Saxon History |accessdate=2013-10-03}} 3 : Names of places in Romania|Exonyms|History of Transylvania |
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