| 词条 | Hivernants |
| 释义 |
The hivernants were active in hunting buffalo (bison) during the cold-weather season (mid-November to mid-March) when the bison's hair was thick enough for the production of buffalo robes. This was as opposed to the summer hunt, which was primarily aimed at harvesting meat.[2] SettlementsFrom the 1840s to the 1870s Métis hivernants hunting villages were established[3] at Turtle Mountain, on the Souris River,[4] Riding Mountain, Wood Mountain,[5] on the Assiniboine, in the Qu'Appelle valley,[5] on the North and South Saskatchewan rivers, in the Cyprus Hills,[6] on the Battle River, on the Red Deer River, and in Montana.[3][7] The Southbranch settlements of Batoche and St. Laurent de Grandin in Saskatchewan were founded by French Métis hivernants from the Red River settlement in Manitoba, Canada.[3] Moose Jaw, Willow Bunch, Lebret in Saskatchewan and St. Albert, Lac La Biche, Lac Ste. Anne in Alberta also began as Métis hivernants settlements.[8][9][10]Other usesHivernant was also applied to a fur trade employee who wintered in the wilderness (usually at a trading post). Hivernant may also refer to a vacationer who spends the winter months at a resort or vacation center in a warmer climate. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries many of the seasonal visitors to the French Riviera were referred to as hivernants. With the ability to vacation abroad (or domestically if they were French) for months on end (usually October until May), these hivernants were typically wealth elites. See also
References1. ^{{cite book|author=John Francis McDermott|title=A glossary of Mississippi Valley French, 1673-1850|url=https://archive.org/details/glossaryofmissis00mcde|year=1941|publisher=Washington University|page=88}} {{Metis}}{{NorthAm-native-stub}}2. ^Foster, 67 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=John Welsted|title=The Geography of Manitoba: Its Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQKLCbdJ0GQC&pg=PA90|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press|isbn=978-0-88755-375-2|page=90}} 4. ^{{cite web|url = http://vantagepoints.ca/stories/metis-wintering-communities/|title =Métis Wintering Communities |work = |publisher = Turtle Mountain–Souris Plains Heritage Association|year = |accessdate=2014-01-16}} 5. ^{{cite web|url = http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/cypress_hills.html|title = Cypress hills|work = Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan|publisher = Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina|year = 2006|accessdate=2014-01-16}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url =http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/french_and_metis_settlements.html|title = FRENCH AND MÉTIS SETTLEMENTS|work = Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan|publisher = Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina|year = 2006|accessdate=2014-01-16}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.montana.edu/wwwhi/2010/MATheses/TravisArnette.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-05-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601145723/http://www.montana.edu/wwwhi/2010/MATheses/TravisArnette.pdf |archivedate=2013-06-01 |df= }} 8. ^Littlejohn, Catherine, Ron Rivard, et al. "Metis History for Exhibits and Scripts." Historica Foundation. (2002): 1-2. Print. 9. ^{{cite web |title = Oblates in the West "The Alberta Story" (Lac Ste. Anne / St. Albert) |url = http://oblatesinthewest.library.ualberta.ca/eng/order/lacstanne.html |date = |accessdate = 2014-01-19 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201164805/http://oblatesinthewest.library.ualberta.ca/eng/order/lacstanne.html |archivedate = 2014-02-01 |df = }} 10. ^{{cite web| title =Atlas of Saskatchewan (French and Francophone Métis Settlements) | url =http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/maps/french.html| date =| accessdate =2014-04-06}} 6 : Métis culture|Fur trade|Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains|American Old West|Communities by industry|French communities |
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