“HMY Britannia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

HMY Britannia was built at the shipyard of John Brown & Co. Ltd in Clydebank, West Dunbartonshire. She was launched by Queen Elizabeth II on 16 April 1953, and commissioned on 11 January 1954. The ship was designed with three masts: a {{convert|133|ft|m|adj=on}} foremast, a {{convert|139|ft|m|adj=on}} mainmast, and a {{convert|118|ft|m|adj=on}} mizzenmast. The top aerial on the foremast and the top {{convert|20|ft|m}} of the mainmast were hinged to allow the ship to pass under bridges.

Crew

The crew of Royal Yachtsmen were volunteers from the general service of the Royal Navy. Officers were appointed for up to two years, while the "yachtsmen" were volunteers and after 365 days' service could be admitted to "The Permanent Royal Yacht Service" as Royal Yachtsmen and served until they chose to leave the Royal Yacht Service or were dismissed for medical or disciplinary reasons. As a result, some served for 20 years or more. The ship also carried a troop of Royal Marines when members of the Royal Family were on board.{{cn|date=October 2017}}

History

On 20 July 1959, Britannia sailed the newly opened Saint Lawrence Seaway en route to Chicago, where she docked, making the Queen the first Canadian monarch to visit the city. US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was aboard Britannia for part of this cruise; Presidents Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton were welcomed aboard in later years. Charles and Diana, the Prince and Princess of Wales, took their honeymoon cruise on Britannia in 1981. The ship evacuated over 1,000 refugees from the civil war in Aden in 1986.^[6]

The vessel sailed to Canada in 1991 and made a port of call in Toronto and Kingston, Ontario.

HMY Britannia, when on royal duties, was escorted by a Royal Navy warship. The yacht was a regular sight at Cowes Week in early August and, usually, for the remainder of the month, was home to the Queen and her family for an annual cruise around the islands off the west coast of Scotland (known as the "Western Isles Tour").

During her career as Royal Yacht, Britannia conveyed the Queen, other members of the Royal Family and various dignitaries on 696 foreign visits and 272 visits in British waters. In this time, Britannia steamed {{convert|1087623|nmi|km}}.^[7]

Decommissioning

In 1997, the Conservative government committed itself to replacing the Royal Yacht if re-elected, while the Labour Party refused to disclose its plans for the vessel. After Labour won the general election in May 1997, it announced the vessel was to be retired and no replacement would be built. The previous government had argued that the cost was justified by its role in foreign policy and promoting British interests abroad, particularly through conferences held by British Invisibles, formerly the Committee on Invisible Exports.

It was estimated by the Overseas Trade Board that events held on board the yacht helped raise £3 billion for the treasury between 1991 and 1995 alone.^[8] The new government said the expenditure could not be justified given other pressures on the defence budget, from which a replacement vessel would have been funded and maintained. Proposals for the construction of a new royal yacht, perhaps financed through a loan or by the Queen's own funds, have made little headway.

The Royal Yacht's last foreign mission was to convey the last governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten, and the Prince of Wales back from Hong Kong after its handover to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. Britannia was decommissioned on 11 December 1997. The Queen, normally stoic, is reported to have shed a tear at the decommissioning ceremony that was attended by most of the senior members of the Royal Family.^[9]

Retirement

Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, Britannia is a visitor attraction moored in the historic Port of Leith in Edinburgh, Scotland, and is cared for by the Royal Yacht Britannia Trust, a registered charity.^[10] There was some controversy over the siting of the ship, with some arguing that she would be better moored on the River Clyde, where she was built, than in Edinburgh, with which the yacht had few links. Her positioning in Leith coincided with a redevelopment of the harbour area, and the advent of Scottish devolution.

Entrance to the yacht is via the Ocean Terminal development, and over 300,000 people visit the Royal Yacht Britannia every year. She is also one of the UK's top evening events venues. On 18 May 2006, the Swiss-born Hollywood actress and first Bond girl, Ursula Andress, celebrated her 70th birthday on board the former royal yacht. On 29 July 2011, a drinks reception was held on board Britannia for Queen Elizabeth's granddaughter Zara Phillips and her husband Mike Tindall to celebrate their upcoming wedding.^[11]

A retired Rolls-Royce Phantom V state car, used by the Queen from the early 1960s until 2002, is on display in the purpose-built garage aboard Britannia. The tour of the five decks open to the public includes the Queen's Bedroom, which can be viewed behind a glass wall, and the State Dining and Drawing Rooms, which hosted grand receptions for kings and queens, presidents and prime ministers throughout the world. The Royal Deck Tea Room was added in 2009.

The 1936 racing yacht Bloodhound, once owned by the Queen and Prince Philip, is now berthed alongside Britannia. Bloodhound was one of the most successful ocean-racing yachts ever built and was also the yacht on which both the Prince of Wales and Princess Royal learned to sail. The Royal Yacht Britannia Trust bought Bloodhound in early 2010 and she is the centrepiece of an exhibition focusing on the Royal Family's passion for sailing. Visitors can view Bloodhound from a specially built pontoon when the racing yacht is in port. During July and August, she is berthed in Oban Marina and is available for private charter, as she sails around the islands once visited by the royal family during their annual two-week holiday in the Western Isles of Scotland. During this period, Royal Yachtsmen (Yotties) from Britannia's original crew sail the yacht for the Britannia Trust.

Commanding officers

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.royalyachtbritannia.co.uk/the-trust/ | title=The Royal Yacht Britannia – The Trust | accessdate=7 March 2014}}
2. ^http://www.royalyachtbritannia.co.uk
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/16/newsid_2846000/2846801.stm|title=1953: Queen launches Royal Yacht Britannia|publisher=BBC|work=On This Day|date=16 April 1953|accessdate=17 August 2011}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/7883972/Floating-bunker-plan-to-help-Queen-escape-nuclear-attack.html|title=Floating bunker plan to help Queen escape nuclear attack|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=12 July 2010|author=Simon Jonhson}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Richard Johnstone-Bryden|title=The Royal Yacht Britannia: The Official History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5b1vJc_zFNoC|year=2003|publisher=Conway Maritime|isbn=978-0-85177-937-9|pages=30–33}}
6. ^Aden: British Evacuation Hansard HL Deb 21 January 1986 vol 470 cc131-4.
7. ^Johnstone-Bryden, p. 298.
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royalyachtbritannia.co.uk/about-the-royal-yacht/great-british-ambassador/|title=Great British Ambassador|publisher=The Royal Yacht Britannia Trust|accessdate=23 January 2016}}
9. ^{{cite news | title = Pay for your own yacht, PM tells Queen| newspaper = The Age| date = 17 January 2012 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/world/pay-for-your-own-yacht-pm-tells-queen-20120117-1q3vw.html#ixzz1jhQdB04A| accessdate =17 January 2012}}
10. ^{{Scottish charity|SC028070|Royal Yacht Britannia Trust}}
11. ^{{cite news | first = Scott | last = Heppell | title = UK watches year's second, low key, royal wedding | date = 30 July 2011| url = https://news.yahoo.com/uk-watches-years-second-low-key-royal-wedding-124440795.html | work = Yahoo! News | accessdate =30 July 2011}}
12. ^{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Johnstone-Bryden |title=The Royal Yacht Britannia: The official history |location= London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |year=2003 |page=297 |isbn=0-85177-937-9}}

Construction