1. History

2. Phylogeny

3. Description

4. Habitat and distribution

5. Representative species

6. See also

7. References

• Clavaria P.Micheli (1729)
• Clavaria sect. Holocoryne Fr. (1838)
• Holocoryne (Fr.) Bonord. (1851)
• Stichoclavaria Ulbr. (1928)

Clavaria is a genus of fungi in the family Clavariaceae. Species of Clavaria produce basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are either cylindrical to club-shaped or branched and coral-like. They are often grouped with similar-looking species from other genera, when they are collectively known as the clavarioid fungi. All Clavaria species are terrestrial and most (if not all) are believed to be saprotrophic (decomposing dead plant material). In Europe, they are typical of old, mossy, unimproved grassland. In North America and elsewhere, they are more commonly found in woodlands.

History

With increasing use of the microscope in the late nineteenth century, most of the ascomycetous members of the genus were recognized as distinct and moved to other genera. Clavaria was, however, still widely used for the majority of the basidiomycetous species until Corner published his world monograph of the clavarioid fungi in 1950, introducing the modern concept of the genus.^[11] Corner restricted Clavaria to those species with fruit bodies having inflated, unclamped, context hyphae (a character that makes Clavaria fruit bodies distinctly brittle). Species with clamped hyphae were placed in the segregate genera Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis. This concept was modified in 1978 by Petersen, who considered Clavulinopsis an artificial genus, moving the majority of species to Ramariopsis but a minority back into Clavaria.^[12]

Phylogeny

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Recent phylogenetic research based on DNA sequencing suggests that all three genera are closely related, but does not unambiguously support either Corner's or Petersen's precise characterization of Clavaria. Too few species have yet been sequenced, however, for Clavaria to be redefined.^[13]

Description

Fruit bodies are simple (cylindrical to club-shaped) or more rarely branched, sometimes with a distinct stipe (stem). Several of the species with simple fruit bodies form them in dense clusters. The fruit bodies themselves are smooth to grooved and typically brittle. Depending on species, they vary in colour from white or cream to yellow, pink, violet, brown, or black.

The hyphal system of Clavaria species is always monomitic. The context hyphae are inflated, thin-walled, and lack clamp connections (though Petersen's amended concept of the genus includes some species with clamps). The basidia are two- to four-spored, in some species with an open, loop-like clamp connection at the base. Spores are smooth or spiny. Spore prints are white.^[11]

Habitat and distribution

Most Clavaria species are thought to be saprotrophic, decomposing leaf litter and other organic materials on the woodland floor. In Europe, species are more frequently found in old, unimproved grasslands (i.e., not used agriculturally) where they are presumed to be decomposers of dead grass and moss. At least one species (Clavaria argillacea) is, however, typical of heathland and is a possible mycorrhizal associate of heather.^[16]

Species of Clavaria occur in suitable habitats throughout the temperate regions and the tropics.^[11] Some 15 species are known from Europe; according to one 2008 estimate, 28 species are recognized worldwide.^[18] Petersen described 18 new species from New Zealand in a 1988 monograph.^[19] {{As of|2015|August}}, Index Fungorum lists 175 valid species in Clavaria.^[20]

Representative species

• Clavaria acuta
• Clavaria afrolutea – Cameroon^[21]
• Clavaria alboglobospora – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria amoena – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria ardosiaca
• Clavaria argillacea
• Clavaria asperulispora – Europe^[24]
• Clavaria atroumbrina – Europe^[24]
• Clavaria cupreicolor – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria echinobrevispora – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria echinonivosa – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria echino-olivacea – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria flavopurpurea – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria fragilis

Synonymous with Clavaria vermicularis.^[31] Commonly known as "fairy fingers", it is the most common Clavaria in North America.^[32]

• Clavaria flavostellifera^[33]
• Clavaria fumosa
• Clavaria greletii – Europe^[24]
• Clavaria megaspinosa – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria mima – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria musculospinosa – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria novozealandica – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria plumbeoargillacea – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria redoleoalii – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria rosea
• Clavaria roseoviolacea – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria salentina – Italy
• Clavaria stellifera – Netherlands and Belgium^[43]
• Clavaria subsordida – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria tuberculospora – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria versatilis – Australia
• Clavaria ypsilonidia – New Zealand^[19]
• Clavaria zollingeri

See also

• List of Agaricales genera

References

• Baikonur Cosmodrome Launch Complex 1
• Baikonur LC1
• Baikonur Spaceport
• Baikonw
• Baikove Cemetery
• Baikunthpur
• Baikunthpur, Koriya
• Baikunthpur, Rewa
• Baikushev's pine
• Bail Act 1898
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• Bailamos Greatest Hits
• Bailando!
• Bailando En Una Pata
• Bailando en una pata
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• Bailando (Paradisio song)
• Bailando por México
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