“Cleaning agent”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Acidic cleaning agents are mainly used for removal of inorganic deposits like scaling. The active ingredients are normally strong mineral acids and chelants. Often, surfactants and corrosion inhibitors are added to the acid.

Hydrochloric acid is a common mineral acid typically used for concrete. Vinegar can also be used to clean hard surfaces and remove calcium deposits. Sulphuric acid is used in acidic drain cleaners to unblock clogged pipes by dissolving greases, proteins, and even carbohydrate-containing substances such as toilet tissue.

Alkaline

Alkaline cleaning agents contain strong bases like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Bleach (pH 12) and ammonia (pH 11) are common alkaline cleaning agents. Often, dispersants, to prevent redeposition of dissolved dirt, and chelants, to attack rust, are added to the alkaline agent.

Alkaline cleaners can dissolve fats (including grease), oils, and protein-based substances.

Neutral

Neutral washing agents are pH-neutral and based on non-ionic surfactants that disperse different types.

Degreasers

Cleaning agents specially made for removal of grease are called degreasers. These may be solvent-based or solvent-containing and metamorphic.

Types

Oven cleaners

Traditional oven cleaners contain sodium hydroxide (lye), solvents, and other ingredients,^[2]^[3]^[4] and work best when used in a slightly-warm (not hot) oven. If used in a self-cleaning oven, the lye will cause permanent damage to the oven.

New-style oven cleaners are based on ingredients other than lye. These products must be used in a cold oven. Most new-style oven cleaners can be used in self-cleaning ovens.

Oven cleaners are some of the most toxic household cleaning products available on the market.^[5] When using any oven cleaner, it is important to carefully read and follow all directions.^[6] Correct use of an oven cleaner may be reasonably safe, but incorrect use can cause poisoning.

One popular oven cleaner brand in the US is "Easy-Off", sold by Reckitt Benckiser. Popular choices in the UK include "Zep Oven Brite" and "Mr Muscle Oven Cleaner".

All-purpose cleaners

All-purpose cleansers contain mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants, polymeric phosphates or other sequestering agents, solvents, hydrotropic substances, polymeric compounds, corrosion inhibitors, skin-protective agents, and sometimes perfumes and colorants.^[7]

Some cleaners contain water-soluble organic solvents like glycol ethers and fatty alcohols, which ease the removal of oil, fat and paint. Disinfectant additives include quaternary ammonium compounds, phenol derivatives, terpene alcohols (pine oil), aldehydes, and aldehyde-amine condensation products.

All-purpose cleansers are effective with most common kinds of dirt. Their dilute solutions are neutral or weakly alkaline, and are safe for use on most surfaces.

Dishwashing agents

Manual dishwashing detergent

Automatic dishwashing detergents (ADDs)

Laundry detergents

Floor cleaners

Carpet cleaners

Toilet cleaners / hygiene / deodorant products

Drain cleaners

Metal cleaners

Metal cleaners are used for cleaning stainless steel sinks, faucets, metal trim, silverware, etc. These products contain abrasives (e.g., siliceous chalk, diatomaceous earth, alumina) with a particle size < 20 μm. Fatty alcohol or alkylphenol polyglycol ethers with 7-12 ethylene oxide (EO) units are used as surfactants.^[7]

Stainless steel, nickel, and chromium cleaners contain lactic, citric, or phosphoric acid. A solvent (mineral spirits) may be added.

Nonferrous metal cleaners contain ammonia, ammonium soaps (ammonium oleate, stearate) and chelating agents (ammonium citrate, oxalate).

Silverware can be freed of silver sulfide tarnish with thiourea, and either hydrochloric or sulfuric acid.

Environmental impacts

Common cleaning agents

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|ref=harv|chapter=All-Purpose Cleaners and their Formulation|first=Karen|last=Wisniewski|title=Handbook of detergents, Part 2|series=Surfactant science series|editor1-first=Uri|editor1-last=Tsoler|publisher=CRC Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-57444-757-6}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Justo|first1=Patrick Di|title=What's Inside: Foamalicious, Vaporlicious Easy-Off Oven Cleaner|journal=Wired|date=19 May 2008|url=https://www.wired.com/2008/05/st-easyoff/|publisher=Condé Nast, Inc.|issn=1059-1028}}
3. ^{{cite web|last1=Howard|first1=Wayne|title=Easy-Off Ingredients|url=https://www.hunker.com/13424142/easy-off-ingredients|website=Hunker website|publisher=Leaf Group, Ltd.}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Easy-Off Heavy Duty Oven Cleaner - Fresh Scent » Ingredients|url=http://www.rbnainfo.com/product.php?productLineId=282|publisher=Reckitt Benckiser LLC}}
5. ^{{cite web|last1=Kelly|first1=John|title=How Self-cleaning Ovens Work|url=https://home.howstuffworks.com/self-cleaning-ovens3.htm|website=HowStuffWorks website|publisher=InfoSpace Holdings LLC|date=9 June 2012}}
6. ^{{cite web|last1=Sheppard|first1=Harlan Kanoa|title=Re: If oven-cleaning chemicals are as dangerous as they seem, how is it that we can eat food from ovens cleaned with these chemicals?|url=https://www.quora.com/If-oven-cleaning-chemicals-are-as-dangerous-as-they-seem-how-is-it-that-we-can-eat-food-from-ovens-cleaned-with-these-chemicals#answer_29249866|publisher=Quora, Inc.}}
7. ^¹{{citation | author=Christian Nitsch | author2=Hans-Joachim Heitland | author3=Horst Marsen | author4=Hans-Joachim Schlüssler | contribution=Cleansing Agents | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007}}

Acidic