| 词条 | Hoklo people |
| 释义 |
|group = Hoklo people Hokkien/Minnan/Banlam 閩南儂 |image = |caption = A Hokkien family in Southern Fujian, 1920. |population = ~40,000,000[1] |region1 = {{flagicon|China}}Mainland China |pop1 = Fujian Zhejiang Guangdong |ref1 = |region2 = {{flag|Taiwan}} |pop2 = Majority of Han Chinese people (~16,321,075) |ref2 = |region9 = {{flag|Hong Kong}} |pop9 = A minority population |ref9 = |region10 = {{flag|Macao}} |pop10 = A minority population |ref10 = |region3 = {{flag|Malaysia}} |pop3 = one of the largest group of Malaysian Chinese |ref3 = |region5 = {{flag|Singapore}} |pop5 = Largest group of Chinese Singaporeans |ref5 = |region6 = {{flag|Indonesia}} |pop6 = Largest group of Indonesian Chinese |ref6 = [2] |region7 = {{flag|Myanmar}} |pop7 = One of the 3 largest groups of Burmese Chinese (figured combined with Cantonese) |ref7 = [3] |region4 = {{flag|Philippines}} |pop4 = Largest Group of Chinese Filipinos |ref4 = [4] |region11 = {{flag|Madagascar}} |pop11 = A significant group among ethnic Sinoa |ref11 = |region8 = {{flag|United States}} |pop8 = >70,000 |ref8 = [5] |languages = Mothertongue : Quanzhang Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese)
|religions = Chinese folk religions (including Taoism, Confucianism, ancestral worship and others), Mahayana Buddhism and non-religious; minority: Christianity. |related = Hoklo Taiwanese, Hoklo Americans, Ancient Minyue people† and other Min speakers |footnotes = }} The Hoklo people are Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, China and speakers of Hokkien which is the prestige dialect of the Southern Min varieties. They are also known by various endonyms ({{zh|poj=Hok-ló-lâng/Hō-ló-lâng/Ho̍h-ló-lâng/Hô-ló-lâng}}), or other related terms such as Banlam (Minnan) people ({{zh|c=閩南儂|poj=Bân-lâm-lâng|labels=no}}) or Hokkien people ({{zh|c=福建儂|p=Hok-kiàn-lâng|labels=no}}). "Hokkien" is sometimes erroneously used to refer to all Fujianese people. "Hoklo people" of this page refers to people whose native language is the Quanzhang Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese) spoken in Southern Fujian (China's province), Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines and by many overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia. There have been many famous Hoklo people throughout history, notably Koxinga, Shi Lang, Corazon Aquino and Su Song. EtymologyIn Taiwan, there are three common ways to write Hoklo in Chinese characters (Hokkien pronunciations are given in Pe̍h-ōe-jī), although none have been established as etymologically correct:[6]
Meanwhile, Hoklo people self-identify as {{zh|c=河老|poj=Hô-ló|l=river aged|labels=no}}.[7] In Hakka, Teochew, and Cantonese, Hoklo may be written as Hoglo ({{zh|t={{linktext|學老}}|l=learned aged|labels=no}}) and 學佬 ({{zh|l=learned folk|labels=no}}). Despite the many ways to write Hoklo in Chinese, the term Holo{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2014|pp=36,48}}{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2015|p=10}} ({{zh|poj=Hō-ló/Hô-ló|labels=no}})[8] is used in Taiwan to refer to the ethnicity and language (Taiwanese Hokkien). Culture{{main|Hokkien culture}}Architecture{{main|Hoklo architecture}}Hoklo architecture is for the most part similar to any other traditional Chinese architectural styles, Hoklo shrines and temples have tilted sharp eaves just like the architecture of Han Chinese in all parts of China due to superstitious beliefs, however Hoklo shrines and temples do have special differences from the styles in other regions of China: the top roofs are high and slanted with exaggerated finely-detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The main halls of Hoklo temple are also a little different, they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners, and a miniature figure of a pagoda at the centre rooftop. One such example of this is the Kaiyuan Temple in Fujian, China. Other than all these minor differences, Hoklo architecture is the basically same as any other traditional Chinese architecture of any other regions by Han Chinese. Language{{Main|Hokkien}}The Hoklo people speak the mainstream Minnan (Hokkien) dialect which is not mutually intelligible with other Chinese dialects except for Teochew dialect to a small degree. Minnan can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other dialects as well. Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the {{IPA|/t/}} initial, which is now {{IPA|/tʂ/}} (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.[9] Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on variety of hokkien spoken such as the Amoy dialect for example has 7-8 tones. DiasporaIn Taiwan{{main|Hoklo Taiwanese}}About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou based on their dialects and districts of origin.{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=591}} People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well. Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Philippines Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (Hokkien People){{main|Malaysian Chinese|Chinese Singaporeans|Ethnic Chinese in Brunei}}{{main|Chinese Indonesians}}The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (as they are known in these countries) are the largest dialect group among the Malaysian Chinese, Singapore and southern part of Thailand. They constitute the highest concentrations of Hoklo or Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien dialects/Minnan are still widely spoken in these countries but the daily use are slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English or local language. The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang are also the largest group among the Chinese Indonesians . Most speak only Indonesian. In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang form the majority of the Chinese people in the country. The Hokkien dialect/Minnan is still spoken there. Haifeng and Lufeng in Eastern-central Guangdong, ChinaThe people of Minnan speaking people in Haifeng and Lufeng are mostly Hoklo people, in a narrow scope, but are often mistaken as Chaozhou/Teochew people in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. America{{Main article|Hoklo Americans}}{{expand section|date=August 2016}}After the 1960s, many Hokkiens from Taiwan began immigrating to the United States and Canada. Notable Hoklo peopleSee List of Hokkien people. See also
References1. ^[https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=U6Q2AQAAIAAJ&q=四千万+闽南人&dq=四千万+闽南人&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8hbqW7OzfAhXLRY8KHSvZA4AQ6AEIJTAA] 2. ^{{citation | editor-last = Lewis | editor-first = M. Paul | chapter = Indonesia | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ID | title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | edition = 15th | publisher = SIL International | place = Dallas, T.X. | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1-55671-159-6 | accessdate = 26 January 2010 | postscript = . }} 3. ^{{cite book | author=Mya Than | editor=Leo Suryadinata | year=1997 | title=Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians | isbn=0-312-17576-0}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Ng |first=Maria |author2=Philip Holden |title=Reading Chinese transnationalisms: society, literature, film |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |date=1 September 2006 |page=20 |isbn=978-962-209-796-4}} 5. ^2005-2009 American Community Survey 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=28211|title=Language Log » Hoklo|website=languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu}} 7. ^{{cite book |author=Gu Yanwu |authorlink=Gu Yanwu |script-title=zh:《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》|publisher=上海書店|year=1985|quote=漳猺人與虔汀潮循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇陳元光將卒始也|oclc=19398998}} 8. ^{{R:nan:tdj|poj=hô-ló|hj=福佬|n=20379|v=2|p=829}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Daniel |title=The Chinese language: its history and current usage|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2006|pages=100–102|isbn=978-0-8048-3853-5}} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
3 : Ethnic groups in Fujian|Ethnic groups in Taiwan|Hokkien people |
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