“House of Aviz”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The House of Aviz (modern Portuguese: Avis; {{IPA-pt|ɐˈviʃ}}) known as the Joanine Dynasty was the second dynasty of the kings of Portugal. In 1385, the Interregnum of the 1383-1385 crisis ended when the Cortes of Coimbra proclaimed the Master of the monastic military Order of Aviz as King John I.^[1] John was the natural (illegitimate) son of King Peter I and Dona Teresa Lourenço, and so was half-brother to the last king of the Portuguese House of Burgundy or Afonsine Dynasty, Ferdinand I of Portugal. The House of Aviz continued to rule Portugal until Philip II of Spain inherited the Portuguese crown with the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580.

The descendants of King John I were still also Masters of Aviz, though at times that title passed to one descendant of John and the Crown of Portugal to another. The title of Grand Master of the Order of Aviz was permanently incorporated into the Portuguese Crown toward the end of rule by the House of Aviz, in 1551.^[2]

History

The House of Aviz was established as a result of the dynastic crisis following the 1383 death of Ferdinand I.^[3] Ferdinand's widow Leonor Telles was disliked by both the nobility and the commoners for having left her first husband and for having had their marriage annulled in order to marry King Ferdinand. Ferdinand's designated heir was their only surviving child Beatrice, married to John I of Castile who claimed the throne in the name of his wife,^[4] but under the Treaty of Salvaterra that had been the basis for John's marriage to Beatrice, the unpopular Leonor was left as Regent until such time as the son of Beatrice and John would be 14 years old.

In April 1385, amidst popular revolt and civil war, the Cortes of Coimbra declared John, Master of Aviz, as king John I of Portugal. He was half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Ferdinand's father and predecessor Pedro I. He had the particular backing of the rising bourgeoisie of Lisbon; the nobility were split, with the majority favoring the legitimist Beatrice. Troops under General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated a small Castilian army at Atoleiros, while John of Castile had to lift a siege to Lisboa, mainly due to a plague that hit his army and killed his wife Beatrice. This was followed, however, by a larger invasion of Castilian and Portuguese troops loyal to John of Castile.

John of Aviz's rule became established fact with the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota^[4] on 14 August 1385, where he defeated John I of Castile.^[5] A formal peace between Portugal and Castile would not be signed until 1411.

To mark his victory, John founded the Monastery of Santa Maria da Vitória, known as the "Batalha Monastery" ("Battle Monastery"), whose chapel became the burial place of the princes of the new dynasty of Aviz.

The House of Aviz would rule Portugal until Philip II of Spain conquered Portugal in 1580,^[6] after he had ordered the Duke of Alba to take Portugal by force.^[7] The Cortes in Tomar acknowledged Philip II of Spain as King Philip I of Portugal on 16 April 1581 after this Spanish military intervention.^[8] From 1581, the House of Aviz had ceased to rule any portion of continental Portugal; António, Prior of Crato held out in the Azores into 1582 as António I of Portugal; the last of his allies in the islands finally surrendered in 1583.^[9]

This period of Portuguese history saw the ascent of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The conquest of Ceuta in 1415 was its first venture in colonial expansion,^[10] followed by a great outpouring of national energy and capital investment in the exploration of Africa, Asia and Brazil with the founding of colonies to exploit their resources commercially.^[11] The period also includes the zenith of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.^[12]

John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian I of Portugal, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir.^[13] Sebastian was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, also had no children. The Cardinal-King Henry died two years later, and a succession crisis occurred when pretenders to the throne including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain, and António, Prior of Crato claimed the right to inherit it.^[14]

António, Prior of Crato, was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, twenty days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of António in the Battle of Alcântara. Although António had been proclaimed king, and was still regarded as rightful king in some of the Azores Islands until 1583,^[15] his legitimacy as a monarch is still disputed by historians. Only a small minority of historians (even in Portugal) accept the period of twenty days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as his reign. In Portugal he generally considered not as a national king, but as a patriot who led armed resistance to the Philippine domination.

Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão, writing in 1956 and counting António as a king, dates the end of the dynasty's rule of Portugal as occurring in 1581–1582. The Cortes of Tomar had acclaimed Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1581, subsequently António's forces were utterly defeated at sea by Álvaro de Bazán at the Battle of Ponta Delgada off São Miguel Island in the Azores, on 26 July 1582. António then retreated to Terceira, where he supervised the raising of levies for defense, but in November he left Angra do Heroísmo en route to France^[16] to persuade the French to furnish more troops,^[9] 800 of which arrived in June 1583.^[17] Philip had despatched Santa Cruz with an overwhelming force which left Lisbon on 23 June,^[18] and reaching sight of São Miguel some time after 7 July,^[19] finally reduced the Azores to subjection.^[20]

The House of Aviz was succeeded in Portugal by Philip's personal union of the Crowns of Portugal and Spain.^[21] In Portuguese history this is variously referred to as the Philippine Dynasty,^[22] the House of Habsburg, or the House of Austria. Portugal and Spain would share a common monarch until 1640, upon the proclamation of the Duke of Braganza as John IV of Portugal.^[23]

Aviz-Beja

The term "Aviz-Beja" for the line descended from King Manuel I is rarely used in reliable sources. The term appears in the genealogical trees in the two-volume work História de Portugal (1972) by A. H. de Oliveira Marques, the historian presented the House of Aviz in two separate diagrams. He labeled the royal line from John I to Manuel as the "Avis" dynasty, and for the subsequent descent he called the line from Manuel I to António as "Avis-Beja", merely for ease of identification and reading.

Monarchs

Portugal

Other notable infantes and infantas of the House of Aviz

Family tree of the House of Aviz

Coats of arms

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques|title=History of Portugal: From Lusitania to Empire ; vol. 2, From Empire to Corporate State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlKTVOp3VYwC|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=1972|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-03159-2|pages=127–128}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques|title=História de Portugal, desde os tempos mais antigos até à presidência do Sr. General Eanes: Do Renascimento às revoluções liberais|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep0vAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=1984|publisher=Palas Editores|page=110}}
3. ^{{cite book|author1=Christopher Allmand|author2=Rosamond McKitterick|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, C.1415-c.1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qzc8OeuSXFMC|accessdate=24 June 2013|date=18 June 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-38296-0|page=629}}
4. ^{{cite book|author1=Clifford J. Rogers|author2=Kelly DeVries|author3=Jobyhn France|title=Journal of Medieval Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8lLD2Pd3pIC|accessdate=24 June 2013|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-84383-596-7|page=153}}
5. ^¹{{cite book|author=Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer|title=Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3BzmTdQLioC|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=1999|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-091-8|page=52}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Fernand Braudel|title=Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. III: The Perspective of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMZI2QEer9QC|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08116-1|page=32}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=David Hilliam|title=Philip II: King Of Spain and Leader of the Counter-Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VA700wrpRRMC|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=2005|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-0317-4|page=87}}
8. ^{{cite book|author1=Fernando Cabo Aseguinolaza|author2=Anxo Abuín González|author3=César Domínguez|title=A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NB0cialptcC|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=2010|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-3457-5|page=595}}
9. ^¹{{cite book|author=Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão|title=O reinado de D. Antonio prior do Crato|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JQvAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=1956|publisher=Coimbra.|page=477}}
10. ^{{cite book|author1=Julia Ortiz Griffin|author2=William D. Griffin|title=Spain and Portugal: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TafGfPHuagsC|accessdate=24 June 2013|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7476-1|page=288}}
11. ^{{cite book|author1=Douglas L. Wheeler|author2=Walter C. Opello|title=Historical Dictionary of Portugal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-3kxBySncsC|accessdate=24 June 2013|date=10 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7075-8|pages=8–10}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Fernão Mendes Pinto|title=Mendes Pinto/Catz: Travels of Mendes Pinto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRqGfeAwryIC|accessdate=25 June 2013|date=January 1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-66951-9|page=xxii}}
13. ^{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC|accessdate=24 June 2013|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-672-5|page=534}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=John Lynch|title=Spain Under the Habsburgs: Empire and absolutism, 1516-1598|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugu9FW9S8xUC|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=1964|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=307}}
15. ^{{cite book|title=Archivo dos Açores|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGE8AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=1887|publisher=University of Michigan|page=491}}
16. ^{{cite book|author=David B. Quinn|title=England and the Azores, 1581-1582: Three Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8T8Zx0W6KuAC|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=1979|publisher=UC Biblioteca Geral 1|page=213|id=GGKEY:X1C130EKZX6}}
17. ^{{cite book|author1=Colin Martin|author2=Geoffrey Parker|title=The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ysl3KVnYDUC|accessdate=25 June 2013|date=January 1999|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-901341-14-0|page=73}}
18. ^{{cite book|author=João Pedro Vaz|title=Campanhas do prior do Crato, 1580-1589: entre reis e corsários pelo trono de Portugal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=710MAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=2005|publisher=Tribuna da História|isbn=978-972-8799-27-4|page=74}}
19. ^{{cite book|author=Rafael Valladares|title=A Conquista de Lisboa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3bbIWNoENQC|accessdate=25 June 2013|date=28 February 2012|publisher=Leya|isbn=978-972-47-4348-6}}
20. ^{{cite book|author1=Thomas Henry Dyer|author2=Arthur Hassall|title=1525-1585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z8wAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=1901|publisher=G. Bell and sons|page=475}}
21. ^{{cite book|author=Kevin Joseph Sheehan|title=Iberian Asia: The Strategies of Spanish and Portuguese Empire Building, 1540--1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RF6pkAem1QC|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=978-1-109-09710-8|pages=126–129}}
22. ^{{cite book|author=António da Silva Rego|title=Portuguese Colonization in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of the Royal Ordinances (Regimentos)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sS8MAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=1965|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|page=3}}
23. ^{{cite book|author=C.R. Boxer|title=The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RIpAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 June 2013|date=1 July 1973|publisher=Penguin|page=112}}