| 词条 | Albert of Brandenburg |
| 释义 |
| type = Archbishop | honorific-prefix = | name = Albert of Brandenburg | title = Archbishop of Mainz | image = Cranach - Albert of Hohenzollern.JPG | alt = | caption = Albert of Mainz, painted by Lucas Cranach the Elder in 1526 | church = Catholic Church | archdiocese = | diocese = Electorate of Mainz | see = | term = 1514–1545 | predecessor = | successor = | ordination = | ordained_by = | consecration = | consecrated_by = | cardinal = | rank = | birth_date = 28 June 1490 | birth_place = | death_date = 24 September 1545 | death_place = | previous_post = | nationality = }} Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg ({{lang-de|Albrecht von Brandenburg}}; 28 June 1490{{snd}}24 September 1545) was Elector and Archbishop of Mainz from 1514 to 1545, and Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1513 to 1545. His involvement in the sale of indulgences to fund his debt was to prompt Martin Luther, a friar in his diocese to complain about the abuse. His subsequent failure to meet with and take seriously the complaints from Luther, his failure to inform Rome of the seriousness of the situation and finally Rome's refusal to act properly faced with the situation, forced Luther to more serious action. These failures to respond adequately make him notable for his failure to prevent the Reformation. BiographyEarly careerBorn in Kölln on the Spree, Albert was the younger son of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and of Margaret of Thuringia. After their father's funeral, Albert and his older brother Joachim I Nestor became margraves of Brandenburg in 1499, but only his older brother held the title of an elector of Brandenburg. Having studied at the University of Frankfurt (Oder), Albert entered the ecclesiastical profession, and in 1513 became archbishop of Magdeburg at the age of 23 and administrator of the Diocese of Halberstadt.[1] In 1514 he obtained the Electorate of Mainz, and in 1518, at the age of 28, was made a cardinal. To pay for the pallium of the see of Mainz and to discharge the other expenses of his elevation, Albert had borrowed 21,000 ducats from Jakob Fugger, [Fugger article says 48,000 ducats] and had obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of indulgences in his diocese to obtain funds to repay this loan, as long as he forwarded half of the income to the Papacy. An agent of the Fuggers subsequently traveled in the Cardinal's retinue in charge of the cashbox. He procured the services of John Tetzel to sell the indulgences.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Largely in reaction to the commerce in indulgences, Martin Luther wrote his famous 95 Theses, which led to the Reformation. Luther sent these to Albert on 31 October 1517, and according to a false tradition nailed a copy to the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. Albert forwarded the theses to Rome, suspecting Luther of heresy.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} When the imperial election of 1519 drew near, partisans of the two leading candidates (King Charles I of Spain and Francis I of France) eagerly solicited the vote of the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz, and Albert appears to have received a large amount of money for his vote. The electors eventually chose Charles, who became the Emperor Charles V.[1] Albert's large and liberal ideas, his friendship with Ulrich von Hutten, and his political ambitions, appear to have raised hopes that he could be won over to Protestantism; but after the German Peasants' War of 1525 he ranged himself definitely among the supporters of Catholicism, and was among the princes who joined the League of Dessau in July 1525.[1] Cardinal Albert needed a prestigious church building that met his expectations at a central location in his Residenz town. Albert feared for his peace of mind in heaven, and collected more than 8,100 relics and 42 holy skeletons which needed to be stored. These precious treasures, known as "Hallesches Heilthum", indirectly related to the sale of indulgences which had triggered the Reformation a few years before. Then the cardinal and the Catholic members of the town council wanted to repress the growing influence of the Reformation by holding far grander masses and services in a new church dedicated solely to Saint Mary.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Albert's hostility towards the reformers, however, was not so extreme as that of his brother Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg; and he appears to have exerted himself towards peace, although he was a member of the League of Nuremberg, formed in 1538 as a counterpoise to the League of Schmalkalden. New doctrines nevertheless made considerable progress in his dominions, and he was compelled to grant religious liberty to the inhabitants of Magdeburg in return for 500,000 florins. During his later years showed more intolerance towards the Protestants, and favoured the teaching of the Jesuits in his dominions.[1] Market Church of Our LadyThe Market Church of Our Lady in Halle, which had been built to defend against the spread of Reformation sympathies,{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} was the very spot where Justus Jonas officially introduced the Reformation into Halle with his Good Friday sermon in 1541. The service must have been at least partly conducted in the open air, because at that time construction had only been finished at the eastern end of the nave. Jonas began a successful preaching crusade and attracted so many people that the church overflowed. Cardinal Albert left the town permanently after the estates (Stände) in the city had announced that they would take over his enormous debt at the bank of Jacob Fugger. Halle became Protestant and in 1542 Jonas was appointed as priest to St. Mary's and in 1544 bishop over the city.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Albert adorned the collegiate church (Stiftskirche) at Halle and the cathedral at Mainz in sumptuous fashion, and took as his motto the words Domine, dilexi decorem domus tuae (Latin for: "Lord, I admired the adornment of your house."). A generous patron of art and learning, he counted Erasmus among his friends.[1] DeathAlbert died at the Martinsburg, Mainz in 1545.[2] Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Albert of Mainz |2= 2. John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg |3= 3. Margaret of Thuringia |4= 4. Albrecht III, Elector of Brandenburg |5= 5. Margaret of Baden |6= 6. William III, Landgrave of Thuringia |7= 7. Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg |8= 8. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg |9= 9. Elisabeth of Bavaria |10= 10. Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden |11= 11. Catherine de Lorraine |12= 12. Frederick I, Elector of Saxony |13= 13. Catherine of Brunswick |14= 14. Albert II of Germany |15= 15. Elizabeth of Luxembourg |16= 16. Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg |17= 17. Elisabeth of Meissen |18= 18. Frederick, Duke of Bavaria |19= 19. Maddalena Visconti |20= 20. Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden |21= 21. Anna of Oettingen |22= 22. Charles II, Duke of Lorraine |23= 23. Margaret of the Palatinate |24= 24. Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia |25= 25. Catherine of Henneberg |26= 26. Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg |27= 27. Sophie of Pomerania |28= 28. Albert IV, Duke of Austria |29= 29. Joanna Sophia of Bavaria |30= 30. Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor |31= 31. Barbara of Cilli }} References
1. ^1 2 3 4 {{EB1911|inline= y|wstitle= Albert I. (elector of Mainz)|display= Albert|volume= 1|pages= 496-497}} Endnote: See* J. H. Hennes, Albrecht von Brandenburg, Erzbischof von Mainz und Magdeburg (Mainz, 1858)* J. May, Der Kurfürst, Kardinal, und Erzbischof Albrecht II. von Mainz und Magdeburg (Munich, 1865–1875)* W. Schum, Kardinal Albrecht von Mainz und die Erfurter Kirchenreformation (Halle, 1878)* P. Redlich, Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg, und das neue Stift zu Halle (Mainz, 1900). 2. ^Biographical Dictionary BRANDENBURG, Albrecht von (1490-1545) Further reading{{Commons category|Albrecht of Brandenburg}}{{S-start}}{{S-hou|House of Hohenzollern|28 June|1490|24 September|1545}}{{S-rel|ca}}{{S-bef|rows=2|before=Ernest II}}{{S-ttl|title=Archbishop of Magdeburg|years=1513–1545}}{{S-aft|rows=2|after=John Albert|as=Administrator}}{{S-ttl|title=Bishop of Halberstadt|years=1513–1545}}{{S-bef|before=Uriel von Gemmingen}}{{S-ttl|title=Archbishop-Elector of Mainz|years=1514–1545}}{{S-aft|after=Sebastian von Heusenstamm}}{{S-end}}{{Martin Luther}}{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= Germany}}{{Authority control}} 9 : 1490 births|1545 deaths|People from Berlin|German cardinals|Archbishop-Electors of Mainz|Archbishops of Magdeburg|Roman Catholic Prince-Bishops of Halberstadt|16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops|Simony |
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