1. History

2. Language

3. Media

4. Immigration, emigration, and interregional migration

5. Politics

6. Parks and recreation

7. See also

8. References

9. Further reading

Essentially, the coexistence of growth and internationalization within Miami has perpetuated an ethnically driven social polarization.^[2] The growing number of Cubans in Miami have remained loyal to their cultural norms, mores, customs, language, and religious affiliations. The transnational force of immigration defines Miami as a growing metropolis, and the 20th century Cuban influx has greatly affected Miami's growth.^[1]

As of 2012, there were 1.2 million Cubans in Greater Miami. As of that year, about 400,000 had arrived after 1980.^[3]

History

About 500,000 Cubans, most of them business people and professionals, arrived in Miami during a 15-year period after the Cuban Revolution. Some figures in Fulgencio Batista's administration were among those who arrived in Miami. The Miami Cubans received assimilation aid from the federal government. The Cubans established businesses in Miami.^[3]

The Cubans arriving after 1980 did so primarily because of economic reasons.^[3]

Language

With the emerging importance of ethnicity and the increased effects of segregation, Cubans within Miami attempted to reassert the Spanish language. In Miami, the Spanish language was spoken to a larger extent than in other cities with large Hispanic populations; also it was spoken in more diverse settings in Miami than any other city.^[1] The 1970 census revealed that Spanish speakers made up 24 percent of Miami's population.^[4] The Spanish language was becoming a norm in Miami as it was more extensively spoken by Miami's Cuban elite.^[1] Language became increasingly important in 20th-century Miami as a result of the Cuban influx and this had impacts on other non-Latin communities.

Non-Hispanic communities began to oppose the rise of the Spanish language as a growing force within Miami. This can be seen in the anti-bilingualism/English Only movement. This movement came about in 1980, after a long period of vast Cuban immigration and social reform. Language was becoming a pressing issue as "Miami had the first bilingual public school program in the modern period (1963) and the first English Only referendum (1980)".^[5] In fact the debates of English as Dade County's official language led to violent and dangerous riots in the 1980s.^[6] Cubans felt that by preserving their language, they were preserving a fundamental component of their culture. In the 2000 census, 59.2% of people in Miami-Dade County said that they spoke Spanish at home.^[7]

Media

Although the media in Miami allows a certain amount of cultural labeling to flourish within the community, it also portrays the growing importance and domination of Cuban immigrants. For example, the Miami Herald's June 14, 1996 headline reads "Vanishing Spanish".^[2] The headline refers to, and deplores the fact that, only a small percentage of recent high school graduates were fluent in Spanish; whereas the majority of second-generation Cuban immigrants spoke broken Spanish, and only spoke it in the home.^[2] "This was described as an alarming trend since it erodes Miami's advantage as a bilingual community and diminishes its economic competitiveness".^[2]

During the 20th century, many Spanish-language newspapers were founded in Miami. "The Miami Herald created a Spanish-language insert, el Nuevo Herald, in 1976".^[8] This addition received a vast amount of support and "by 1981 circulation reached 83,000 on weekdays and 94,000 for weekend editions. el Nuevo Herald is now published as an independent newspaper and reports a weekday circulation of about 100,000. It too is accessible on the World Wide Web (http://www.elnuevoherald.com). As the Hispanic population has grown and achieved considerable economic success, it has also moved beyond Miami's city limits: Spanish-language newspapers are now published in adjacent Hialeah and Fort Lauderdale. This expansion can be seen at a statewide level as well, for Tampa, Orlando, and Immokalee each have Spanish-language newspapers".^[8]

Essentially, through the founding and growth of distinctly Hispanic newspapers, Cuban immigrants established a distinctly Latin American media.

Immigration, emigration, and interregional migration

Cuban immigration greatly affected Miami's future demographics. For example, the net immigration of African Americans into Miami was reduced during the 1960s in comparison to previous years.^[4] This was the result of Cuban immigrants competing for jobs that had often been afforded to African Americans living in Miami. This reduction of immigration of non-Hispanics displayed the growing power of Cubans in Miami. Miami "posts a low emigration rate-43.6 per 1,000. This, of course, stems from the huge Cuban presence in Dade County and is testimony to the holding power of the Cuban enclave in Miami".^[9]

Furthermore, Miami receives much interregional Cuban migration. "Miami posted an in-migration of 35,776 Cubans from elsewhere in the United States between 1985 and 1990 and an emigration of 21,231, mostly to elsewhere in Florida. Flows to and from Miami account for 52 percent of all interregional migration in the Cuban settlement system".^[9] This migration to Miami shows Miami's appeal to diverse Cuban communities. Furthermore, it greatly affects non-Hispanic communities, causing them to leave Dade County.

Politics

Historically the Miami Cuban community has strongly opposed Fidel Castro and has blocked normalization in Cuba-United States relations. The Cubans arriving after 1980 have closer ties to those remaining in Cuba. They tend to take charter flights to and from Miami to Cuba.^[3]

Parks and recreation

Máximo Gómez Park is named after Máximo Gómez.^[3]

See also

• Operation Peter Pan, 1960-1962
• Hispanic and Latino Americans in Florida
• Immigration to the United States
• El Nuevo Herald, a Spanish-language supplement to The Miami Herald
• Wet feet, dry feet policy
• Cuban-American lobby

References

Further reading

• Arboleya, Jesús. Havana-Miami: The U.S.-Cuba Migration Conflict. Ocean Press, 1996. {{ISBN|1875284915}}, 9781875284917.
• De La Torre, Miguel A. La Lucha for Cuba: Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami. University of California Press, 2003. {{ISBN|052093010X}}, 9780520930100.
• Levine, Robert M. and Moisés Asís. Cuban Miami. Rutgers University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0813527805}}, 9780813527802.
• Rieff, David. Exile: Cuba in the Heart of Miami. Simon & Schuster, February 19, 2013. {{ISBN|1439143706}}, 9781439143704.

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