| 词条 | Albert Szent-Györgyi |
| 释义 |
|name = Albert Szent-Györgyi |image = GyorgyiNIH.jpg |caption = Albert Szent-Györgyi at the time of his appointment to the National Institutes of Health |birth_date = {{Birth date|1893|9|16}} |birth_place = Budapest, Austria-Hungary |death_date = {{death date and age|1986|10|22|1893|9|16}} |death_place = Woods Hole, Massachusetts, {{nowrap|United States}} |spouse = {{Unbulleted list|Kornélia Demény (1917–1938)|Márta Borbíró (1941–1963)|June Susan Wichterman (1965–1968)|Marcia Houston (1975–1986)}} |residence = Austria-Hungary United States |citizenship = Austro-Hungarian American |field = Physiology Biochemistry |work_institutions = University of Szeged University of Cambridge |alma_mater = Semmelweis University, MD University of Cambridge, PhD |doctoral_advisor = Frederick Gowland Hopkins |doctoral_students = |known_for = vitamin C, discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = Hartog Jacob Hamburger Frederick Gowland |influenced = |prizes = Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1937) Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1954) |footnotes = |signature = Szent Györgyi kezirasa.jpg |children = Nelli }} Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrápolt ({{IPAc-en|s|ɛ|n|t|ˈ|dʒ|ɔːr|dʒ|i}}; {{lang-hu|nagyrápolti Szent-Györgyi Albert}} {{IPA-hu|ˈnɒɟraːpolti ˈsɛɲɟørɟi ˈɒlbɛrt|}}; September 16, 1893 – October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937.[1] He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was also active in the Hungarian Resistance during World War II and entered Hungarian politics after the war. Early lifeSzent-Györgyi was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1893. His father, Miklós Szent-Györgyi, was a landowner, born in Marosvásárhely, Transylvania (today Târgu Mureş, Romania), a Calvinist, and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when Sámuel, a Calvinist predicant, was ennobled.[2][3] At the time of Szent-Györgyi's birth, being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available.[4] (Miklós Szent-Györgyi's parents were Imre Szent-Györgyi and Mária Csiky).[5] His mother, Jozefina, a Roman Catholic, was a daughter of József Lenhossék and Anna Bossányi.[6] Jozefina was a sister of Mihály Lenhossék; both of these men were Professors of Anatomy at the Eötvös Loránd University. His family included three generations of scientists.[7] Music was important in the Lenhossék family. His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler, then a conductor at the Budapest Opera. He advised her to marry instead, since her voice was not enough. Albert himself was good at the piano, while his brother Pál became a professional violinist. Medical researchSzent-Györgyi began his studies at the Semmelweis University in 1911,[7] then began research in his uncle's anatomy lab. His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I. In 1916, disgusted with the war, Szent-Györgyi shot himself in the arm,[8] claimed to be wounded from enemy fire, and was sent home on medical leave. He was then able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917.[7] He married Kornélia Demény, the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General, that same year.[11] After the war, Szent-Györgyi began his research career in Bratislava. He switched universities several times over the next few years, finally ending up at the University of Groningen, where his work focused on the chemistry of cellular respiration. This work landed him a position as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at Cambridge University. He received his PhD from Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge in 1927 for work on isolating an organic acid, which he then called "hexuronic acid", from adrenal gland tissue. He accepted a position at the University of Szeged in 1930.[7] There, Szent-Györgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that "hexuronic acid" was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor, known as vitamin C. After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C, and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties, it was given the formal chemical name of L-ascorbic acid. In some experiments they used paprika as the source for their vitamin C. Also during this time, Szent-Györgyi continued his work on cellular respiration, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zoltán Bay, physicist, who became his personal friend and partner in research on matters of bio-physics.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} In 1937, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid". Albert Szent-Györgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to Finland in 1940. (The Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War travelled to fight for the Finns after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939.) In 1938, he began work on the biophysics of muscle movement. He found that muscles contain actin, which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP, contract muscle fibers. In 1947, Szent-Györgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts with financial support from Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath. However, Szent-Györgyi still faced funding difficulties for several years, due to his foreign status and former association with the government of a Communist nation. In 1948, he received a research position with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole. In 1950, grants from the Armour Meat Company and the American Heart Association allowed him to establish the Institute for Muscle Research. During the 1950s, Szent-Györgyi began using electron microscopes to study muscles at the subunit level. He received the Lasker Award in 1954. In 1955, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1956. In the late 1950s, Szent-Györgyi developed a research interest in cancer and developed ideas on applying the theories of quantum mechanics to the biochemistry (quantum biology) of cancer. The death of Rath, who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research, left Szent-Györgyi in a financial mess. Szent-Györgyi refused to submit government grants which required him to provide minute details on exactly how he intended to spend the research dollars and what he expected to find. After Szent-Györgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview, attorney Franklin Salisbury contacted him and later helped him establish a private nonprofit organization, the National Foundation for Cancer Research. Late in life, Szent-Györgyi began to pursue free radicals as a potential cause of cancer. He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level. In 1974, reflecting his interests in quantum physics, he proposed the term "syntropy" replace the term "negentropy".[9] Ralph Moss, a protégé of his in the years he performed his cancer research, wrote a biography entitled: "Free Radical: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C", {{ISBN|0-913729-78-7}}, (1988), Paragon House Publishers, New York. Aspects of this work are an important precursor to what is now dubbed redox signaling. Statement on scientific discoveryAlbert Szent-Györgyi, who realized that "a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge,"[10] divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called scientific dissenters, who explored "the fringes of knowledge," Dionysians. He wrote, "In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian."[10] Involvement in politicsAs the government of Gyula Gömbös and the associated Hungarian National Defence Association gained control of politics in Hungary, Szent-Györgyi helped his Jewish friends escape from the country. During World War II, he joined the Hungarian resistance movement. Although Hungary was allied with the Axis Powers, the Hungarian prime minister Miklós Kállay sent Szent-Györgyi to Cairo in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the Allies. The Germans learned of this plot and Adolf Hitler himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent-Györgyi. He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the Gestapo. After the war, Szent-Györgyi had become well-recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary, should the Soviets permit it. Szent-Györgyi established a laboratory at the University of Budapest and became head of the biochemistry department there. He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re-establish the Academy of Sciences. Dissatisfied with the Communist rule of Hungary, he emigrated to the United States in 1947. In 1967, Szent-Györgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes as a means of protesting against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to take a similar stand.[11] Personal lifeHe married Cornelia Demény, daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917.[12] Their daughter, Cornelia Szent-Györgyi, was born in 1918. He and Cornelia divorced in 1941. In 1941, he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy. She died of cancer in 1963.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Szent-Györgyi married June Susan Wichterman, the 25-year-old daughter of Woods Hole biologist Ralph Wichterman, in 1965. They were divorced in 1968.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} He married his fourth wife, Marcia Houston, in 1975.[13] They adopted a daughter, Lola von Szent-Györgyi. Death and legacySzent-Györgyi died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA on October 22, 1986. He was honored with a Google Doodle September 16, 2011, 118 years after his birth.[14] In 2004, nine interviews were conducted with family, colleagues, and others to create a Szent-Györgyi oral history collection.[15] Works online
Publications
References1. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Kyle | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Shampo | first2 = M. A. | title = Albert Szent-Györgyi--Nobel laureate | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 75 | issue = 7 | pages = 722 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10907388 | doi=10.4065/75.7.722}} 2. ^Dr.Czeizel, E.: Családfa, page 148, Kossuth Könyvkiadó,1992. 3. ^Dr. Czeizel E. : Az érték még mindig bennünk van, page 172, Akadémiai kiadó, Budapest 4. ^{{cite news |title=Forget vitamin D! Albert Szent-Gyorgyi lived with spies, lies. |author=Chris Gaylord |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=September 16, 2011 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Horizons/2011/0916/Forget-vitamin-C!-Albert-Szent-Gyorgyi-lived-with-spies-lies |accessdate=September 16, 2011}} 5. ^Kapronczay K.Orvosdinasztiák II, Turul ISSN, 1997 6. ^Dr. Czeizel E. Családfa, page 148, Kossuth Könyvkiadó, 1992. 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Bowden|first=Mary Ellen|author2=Amy Beth Crow|author3=Tracy Sullivan|title=Pharmaceutical achievers: the human face of pharmaceutical research|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|year=2003|page=30|isbn=978-0-941901-30-7}} 8. ^Remembering Albert Szent-Györgyi {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118005626/http://www.history.com/news/2011/09/16/remembering-albert-szent-gyorgyi/ |date=2011-11-18 }}. History. 16 Sep 2011. Last accessed 16 Sep 2011. 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.imaginehungary.com/talent-science/albert-szent-gyorgyi-and-the-vitamin-c/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-09-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016104054/http://www.imaginehungary.com/talent-science/albert-szent-gyorgyi-and-the-vitamin-c/ |archivedate=2011-10-16 |df= }} 10. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Szent-Györgyi|first1=Albert|title=Dionysians and Apollonians|journal=Science|volume=176|issue=4038|page=966|doi= 10.1126/science.176.4038.966|pmid=17778411|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/176/4038/966.1|accessdate=July 9, 2016|year=1972|bibcode=1972Sci...176..966S}} 11. ^"An Open Letter" archived at Horowitz Transaction Publishers Archive 12. ^1 [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/szent-gyorgyi-bio.html "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi"]. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/WG/B/B/C/T/ |title=Marcia Houston Szent-Györgyi at the National Institute of Health Website |publisher=Profiles.nlm.nih.gov |date=2005-05-12 |accessdate=2011-09-15}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Albert Szent-Gyorgyi's 118th Birthday|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/albert-szent-gyorgyis-118th-birthday|website=Doodles Archive|accessdate=8 February 2015}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/gyorgi177|title=Albert Szent-Gyorgi oral history collection 2004|publisher=National Library of Medicine}} Bibliography{{refbegin|60em}}
|last=Szolcsányi |first=János |authorlink= |date=October 2007 |title=[Memories of Albert Szent-Györgyi in 1943 about the beginning of his research and about his mentor, Géza Mansfeld] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=148 |issue=42 |pages=2007–11 | location = | pmid = 17932008 |doi = 10.1556/OH.2007.H2142 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Juhász-Nagy |first=Sándor |authorlink= |date=March 2002 |title=[Albert Szent-Györgyi—biography of a free genius] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=143 |issue=12 |pages=611–4 | location = | issn = | pmid = 11963399 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Vértes |first=L |authorlink= |date=December 2000 |title=[László Németh and Albert Szent-Györgyi. Honoring anniversaries] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=141 |issue=52 |pages=2831–3 | location = | issn = | pmid = 11202120 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Manchester |first=K L |authorlink= |date=January 1998 |title=Albert Szent-Györgyi and the unravelling of biological oxidation |journal=Trends Biochem. Sci. |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=37–40 | location = | pmid = 9478135 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |doi=10.1016/S0968-0004(97)01167-5
|last=Gábor |first=M |authorlink= |date=January 1996 |title=[Albert Szent-Györgyi and flavonoid research] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=83–4 | location = | issn = | pmid = 8721874 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Nagy |first=I Z |authorlink= |year=1995 |month= |title=Semiconduction of proteins as an attribute of the living state: the ideas of Albert Szent-Györgyi revisited in light of the recent knowledge regarding oxygen free radicals |journal=Exp. Gerontol. |volume=30 |issue=3–4 |pages=327–35 | location = | pmid = 7556511 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |doi=10.1016/0531-5565(94)00043-3
|last=Zallár |first=A |authorlink= |author2=Szabó T |date=April 1989 |title=Habent sua fata libelli: the adventurous story of Albert Szent-Györgyi's book entitled Studies on Muscle (1945) |journal=Acta Physiol. Scand. |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=423–4 | location = | pmid = 2660487 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = | doi = 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08599.x
|last=Szilárd |first=J |authorlink= |date=May 1988 |title=[The Nobel prize. (Pro memoria Albert Szent-Györgyi). The University of Szeged Medical School named after Albert Szent-Györgyi] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=129 |issue=18 |pages=949–50 | location = | issn = | pmid = 3290769 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Szabó |first=T |authorlink= |author2=Zallár A|author3=Zallár I |year=1988 |month= |title=Albert Szent-Györgyi in Szeged |journal=Geographia Medica |volume=18 |issue= |pages=153–6 | location = | issn = | pmid = 3049243 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Banga |first=I |authorlink= |date=January 1987 |title=[In memory of Albert Szent-Györgyi] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=97–8 | location = | issn = | pmid = 3547244 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Cohen |first=S S |authorlink= |year=1987 |month= |title=Thoughts on the later career of Albert Szent-Gyorgyi |journal=Acta Biochim. Biophys. Hung. |volume=22 |issue=2–3 |pages=141–8 | location = | issn = | pmid = 3118622 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Straub |first=F B |authorlink= |year=1987 |month= |title=The charismatic teacher at Szeged: Albert Szent-Györgyi |journal=Acta Biochim. Biophys. Hung. |volume=22 |issue=2–3 |pages=135–9 | location = | issn = | pmid = 3118621 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|date=October 1983 |title=[Salute to the 90-year old Albert Szent-Györgyi] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=124 |issue=40 |pages=2435–6 | location = | issn = | pmid = 6369221 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Bendiner |first=E |authorlink= |date=May 1982 |title=Albert Szent-Györgyi: the art in being wrong |journal=Hospital Practice (Hospital Ed.) |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=179–84, 185–6, 192 | location = | issn = | pmid = 7044943 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |doi=10.1080/21548331.1982.11702318 }}
|last=Szállási |first=A |authorlink= |date=February 1980 |title=[Albert Szent-Györgyi in the journal Nyugat] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=121 |issue=8 |page=468 | location = | issn = | pmid = 6992048 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Holden |first=C |authorlink= |date=February 1979 |title=Albert-Szent-Györgyi, electrons, and cancer |journal=Science |volume=203 |issue=4380 |pages=522–4 | location = | pmid = 366748 | bibcode =1979Sci...203..522H | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |doi=10.1126/science.366748
|last=Süle |first=T |authorlink= |date=December 1977 |title=[Albert Szent-Györgyi in Hungarian numismatics] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=118 |issue=52 |pages=3170–1 | location = | issn = | pmid = 341025 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Szállási |first=A |authorlink= |date=November 1977 |title=[Albert Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize 40 years ago] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=118 |issue=46 |pages=2782–3 | location = | issn = | pmid = 335333 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Kardos |first=I |authorlink= |year=1975 |month= |title=A talk with Albert Szent-Györgyi |journal=The New Hungarian Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=57 |pages=136–50 | location = | issn = | pmid = 11635455 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Szállási |first=A |authorlink= |date=December 1974 |title=[2 interesting early articles by Albert Szent-Györgyi] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=115 |issue=52 |pages=3118–9 | location = | issn = | pmid = 4612454 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Kenéz |first=J |authorlink= |date=December 1973 |title=[Eventful life of a scientist. 80th birthday of Nobel prize winner Albert Szent-Györgyi] |journal=Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1950) |volume=115 |issue=51 |pages=2324–6 | location = | issn = | pmid = 4589872 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Miura |first=Y |authorlink= |date=December 1969 |title=[Doctor Albert von Szent-Gyoergyi] |journal=Nippon Ishikai Zasshi. Journal of the Japan Medical Association |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=1164–8 | location = | issn = | pmid = 4903813 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Kenéz |first=J |authorlink= |date=December 1968 |title=[Albert Szent-Györgyi is 75 years old] |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=109 |issue=50 |pages=2777–81 | location = | issn = | pmid = 4887815 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
|last=Sulek |first=K |authorlink= |date=May 1968 |title=[Nobel prize for Albert Szant-Györgyi in 1937 for studies on the metabolic processes, particularly of vitamin C and catalysis of fumaric acid] |journal=Wiad. Lek. |volume=21 |issue=10 |page=911 | location = | issn = | pmid = 4875831 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote ={{refend}}
External links{{wikiquote}}
21 : 1893 births|1986 deaths|Hungarian biochemists|Hungarian people of World War II|University of Szeged faculty|Hungarian emigrants to the United States|Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Hungarian Nobel laureates|Hungarian scientists|American anti-war activists|American tax resisters|Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research|American people of Hungarian descent|Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge|Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars|Vitamin C|Citric acid cycle|Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–47)|Physiologists |
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