| 词条 | Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges |
| 释义 |
|image = Hungerford Bridge, River Thames, London, England.jpg |bridge_name = Hungerford Bridge |caption = Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges, seen from the north |official_name = |locale = London |carries = Railway Pedestrians |crosses = River Thames |maint = |open = 1864 (Hungerford Bridge) 2002 (Golden Jubilee Bridges) |below = |traffic = |design = Steel truss |toll = |mainspan = |length = |width = | preceded = Westminster Bridge | followed = Waterloo Bridge }} The Hungerford Bridge crosses the River Thames in London, and lies between Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge. Owned by Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd (who use its official name of Charing Cross Bridge) it is a steel truss railway bridge flanked by two more recent, cable-stayed, pedestrian bridges that share the railway bridge's foundation piers, and which are named the Golden Jubilee Bridges.[1][2][3] The north end of the bridge is Charing Cross railway station, and is near Embankment Pier and the Victoria Embankment. The south end is near Waterloo station, County Hall, the Royal Festival Hall, and the London Eye. Each pedestrian bridge has steps and lift access. HistoryThe first Hungerford Bridge, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, opened in 1845 as a suspension footbridge. It was named after the then Hungerford Market, because it went from the South Bank to Hungerford Market on the north side of the Thames.[1][4][5][6] In 1859 the original bridge was bought by the railway company extending the South Eastern Railway into the newly opened Charing Cross railway station. The railway company replaced the suspension bridge with a structure designed by Sir John Hawkshaw, comprising nine spans made of wrought iron lattice girders, which opened in 1864.[5][6][7] The chains from the old bridge were re-used in Bristol's Clifton Suspension Bridge. The original brick pile buttresses of Brunel's footbridge are still in use, though the one on the Charing Cross side is now much closer to the river bank than it was originally, due to the building of the Victoria Embankment, completed in 1870. The buttress on the South Bank side still has the entrances and steps from the original steamer pier Brunel built on to the footbridge.[5] Walkways were added on each side, with the upstream one later being removed when the railway was widened. Another walkway was temporarily added in 1951 when an Army Bailey bridge was constructed for the Festival of Britain. In 1980 a temporary walkway was erected on the upstream side while the downstream railway bridge and walkway were refurbished. It is one of only three bridges in London to combine pedestrian and rail use; the others being Fulham Railway Bridge and Barnes Railway Bridge.[1][4][6] The footbridge gained a reputation for being narrow, dilapidated and dangerous; it was the scene of a murder in 1999.[8] In the mid-1990s a decision was made to replace the footbridge with new structures on either side of the existing railway bridge, and a competition was held in 1996 for a new design. Further justification for new footbridge structures both upstream and downstream of the railway bridge was that the brittle wrought iron support pillars of Sir John Hawkshaw's railway bridge were vulnerable to impact from riverboats.[16] It was felt, especially following the Marchioness disaster, that these should be clad in concrete at water level; but the bridge's owners, Railtrack, could not afford the work. The Golden Jubilee Bridges achieved this protection at no cost to Railtrack. The new footbridgesThe concept design for the new footbridges was won by architects Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands and engineers WSP Group.[6][9] Detailed design of the two bridges was carried out by consulting engineers Gifford, now Ramboll UK. Their construction was complicated by the need to keep the railway bridge operating without interruptions, the Bakerloo line tunnels passing only a few feet under the river bed, and the potential danger of unexploded World War II bombs in the Thames mud.[6][9] Despite extensive surveys of the riverbed, London Underground was unwilling to accept these risks and preliminary works were stopped in 2000.[6] The design was modified so that the support structure on the north side, which would have been within {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} of the tube lines, was moved out of the river bed and onto Victoria Embankment. Excavation near the tube lines was carried out when the tube was closed, and foundations were hand-dug for additional security. The two new {{convert|4|m|adj=on}} wide footbridges were completed in 2002. They were named the Golden Jubilee Bridges, in honour of the fiftieth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II's accession, although in practice they are often still referred to as the "Hungerford Footbridges". The {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}} long decks were raised using an innovative method called incremental launching, in which each {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} long section was pulled across the river using a {{convert|250|m|abbr=on}} long steel truss weighing 300 tonnes. This process was repeated five times until each deck spanned the river, supported by six temporary piers made of steel and concrete. The seven 25-tonne pylons were then raised over the subsequent two weeks. Once the pylons had been installed, the decks were jacked up to enable their connection with the cable stays suspended from the pylons. The concrete deck was then lowered into its final position and the temporary piers and supports were dismantled.[9] The design of the bridges is complex. Each of the two decks is supported by inclined outward-leaning pylons. The decks are suspended from fans of slender steel rods called deck stays—there are 180 on each deck, made up of over {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} of cable—and are held in position by other rods called backstays. Because the pylons lean the back stays are under tension. The deck is secured in place by steel collars fitted around (although not supported by) the pillars of the railway bridge; the collars are themselves attached to the bridge's foundations by tie-down rods. The entire structure is thus held in place by exploiting the tensions between the pylons and the various stay rods and struts.[9] The new bridges won the Specialist category in the Royal Fine Art Commission Building of the Year Award in 2003. It gained a Structural Achievement Award commendation in the 2004 Institution of Structural Engineers awards, and has won awards from the Civic Trust and for its lighting design.[10] In 2014, the planning application for the now cancelled Garden Bridge, revealed in its assessment of pedestrian movement across the Thames that the footbridges are the busiest in London, with an estimated footfall of 8.5 million each year.[11] In fiction
See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=47042 | title = Hungerford or Charing Cross Bridge | accessdate = 26 February 2013 | author = Sir Howard Roberts and Walter H. Godfrey | year = 1951 | work = University of London & History of Parliament Trust | publisher = British History Online}} 2. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/580 | title = Princess opens gleaming Golden Jubilee Bridge | accessdate = 26 February 2013 | author = London SE1 Community website | date = 2 July 2003 | work = Bankside Press}} 3. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.londonlogue.com/attractions-2/golden-jubilee-bridges.html | title = Golden Jubilee Bridges | accessdate = 26 February 2013 | last = Waldman | first = Melanie |date = 8 December 2010 | work = BootsnAll Travel Network}} 4. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://lydiardhouse.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/hungerford-bridge.html | title = Hungerford Bridge | accessdate = 26 February 2013 | last = Bevan | first = Frances | date = 7 June 2012 | work = Status, Scandal and Subterfuge | publisher = Swindon Heritage}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://www.mybrunel.co.uk/bridges/hungerford.php | title = Hungerford Bridge (1845) | accessdate = 26 February 2013 | last = Keeling | first = Gary | work = MyBrunel.co.uk}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal | title = Banister Fletcher Lecture 2010: David Gilbert "A short history of London in wrought iron" | journal = London Society Journal | date = 15 December 2010 | first = David | last = Gilbert | issue = 461 | url = http://www.londonsocietyjournal.org.uk/461/davidgilbert.php | accessdate = 26 February 2013}} 7. ^Where Thames Smooth Waters Glide 8. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/755081.stm | work=BBC News | title=Bridge murder gang get life | date=19 May 2000 | accessdate=4 May 2010}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=550 |title=Golden Jubilee (Hungerford) footbridge |accessdate=26 February 2013 |author=WSP Cantor Seinuk Gifford |date=5 August 2003 |work=Engineering Timelines |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111194249/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=550 |archivedate=11 January 2015 }} 10. ^Project information at Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands website 11. ^{{cite report |date=23 May 2014 |title= Garden Bridge Planning Application: Transport Assessment|publisher=Garden Bridge Trust |pages=62,63 |quote="High level annual pedestrian demand data was obtained for other local bridges across the River Thames. The data consisted of a mixture of existing TfL surveys and surveys commissioned specifically for the Garden Bridge."}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lightspeedmagazine.com/fiction/hungerford-bridge/ |title=Hungerford Bridge |work=Lightspeed Magazine |date= |accessdate=31 December 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://ambitmagazine.co.uk/issues/218 |title=Ambit |work=Ambitmagazine.co.uk |date= |accessdate=31 December 2018}} External links{{Commons category|Hungerford Bridge}}
between Westminster and Waterloo | east=Northern line between Embankment and Waterloo }}{{Bridges of Central London}}{{Brunel}}{{London landmarks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hungerford Bridge And Golden Jubilee Bridges}} 17 : Railway bridges in London|Cable-stayed bridges in England|Transport in the City of Westminster|Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth|Bridges completed in 1845|Bridges completed in 1864|Bridges completed in 2002|Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United Kingdom|Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster|Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lambeth|Pedestrian bridges across the River Thames|Bridges of Isambard Kingdom Brunel|Southbank Centre|2002 establishments in England|1845 establishments in England|1864 establishments in England|Pedestrian bridges in London |
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