| 词条 | Hunt the Wumpus |
| 释义 |
| title = Hunt the Wumpus | developer = Gregory Yob | designer = | publisher = People's Computer Company | image = Ti hunt the wumpus boxart.jpg | caption = Boxart of the TI-99/4A version | released = 1973 | genre = Adventure Survival horror | modes = Single-player | platforms = PC (multiple) }} Hunt the Wumpus is a text-based adventure game developed by Gregory Yob in 1973. In the game, the player moves through a series of connected caves, arranged in a dodecahedron, as they hunt a monster named the Wumpus. The turn-based game has the player trying to avoid fatal bottomless pits and "super bats" that will move them around the cave system; the goal is to fire one of their "crooked arrows" through the caves to kill the Wumpus. Yob created the game in early 1973 due to his annoyance at the multiple "hide and seek" games set in caves in a grid pattern, and it and multiple variations were sold via mail order by Yob and the People's Computer Company. The source code to the game was published in Creative Computing in 1975 and republished in The Best of Creative Computing the following year. The game sparked multiple variations and expanded versions and was ported to several systems, including the TI-99/4A home computer. It has been cited as an early example of the survival horror genre, and was listed in 2012 on Time{{'}}s All-Time 100 greatest video games list. The Wumpus monster has appeared in several forms in media since 1973, including other video games, a novella, and The Gathering cards. GameplayHunt the Wumpus is a text-based adventure game set in a series of caves connected by tunnels. In one of the twenty caves is a "Wumpus", which the player is attempting to kill. Additionally, two of the caves contain bottomless pits, while two others contain "super bats" which will pick up the player and move them to a random cave. The game is turn-based; each cave is given a number by the game, and each turn begins with the player being told which cave they are in and which caves are connected to it by tunnels. The player then elects to either move to one of those connected caves or shoot one of their five "crooked arrows", named for their ability to change direction while in flight. Each cave is connected to three others, and the system as a whole is equivalent to a dodecahedron.The caves are in complete darkness, so the player cannot see into adjacent caves; instead, upon moving to a new empty cave, the game describes if they can smell a Wumpus, hear a bat, or feel a draft from a pit in one of the connected caves. Entering a cave with a pit ends the game due to the player falling in, while entering the cave with the Wumpus startles them; the Wumpus will either move to another cave or remain and kill the player. If the player chooses to fire an arrow, they first select how many caves, up to five, that the arrow will travel through, and then enters each cave that the arrow moves through. If the player enters a cave number that is not connected to where the arrow is, the game picks a valid option at random. If the arrow hits the player while it is travelling, the player loses; if it hits the Wumpus, they win. If the arrow does not hit anything, then the Wumpus is startled and may move to a new cave; unlike the player, the Wumpus is not affected by super bats or pits. If the Wumpus moves to the player's location, they lose. DevelopmentIn early 1973, Gregory Yob was looking through some of the games published by the People's Computer Company (PCC), and grew annoyed that there were multiple games, including Hurkle and Mugwump, that had the player "hide and seek" in a ten by ten grid. Yob was inspired to make a game that used a non-grid pattern, where the player would move through points connected through some other type of topology. Yob came up with the name "Hunt the Wumpus" that afternoon, and decided from there that the player would traverse through rooms arranged in a non-grid pattern, with a monster called a Wumpus somewhere in them. Yob chose a dodecahedron because it was his favorite platonic solid, and because he had once made a kite shaped like one. From there, Yob added the arrows to shoot between rooms, terming it the "crooked arrow" as it would need to change directions to go through multiple caves, and decided that the player could only sense nearby caves by smell, as a light would wake the Wumpus up. He then added the bottomless pits, and a couple days later the super bats. Finally, feeling that players would want to create a map, he made the cave map fixed and gave each cave a number. Yob later claimed that, to his knowledge, most players did not create maps of the cave system, nor follow his expected strategy of carefully moving around the system to determine exactly where the Wumpus was before firing an arrow. While playtesting the game, Yob found it unexciting that the Wumpus always stayed in one place, and so changed it to be able to move. He then delivered a copy of the game, written in BASIC, to the PCC. In May 1973, one month after he had finished coding the game, Yob went to a conference at Stanford University and discovered that in the section of the conference where the PCC had set up computer terminals, multiple players were engrossed in playing Wumpus, making it, in his opinion, a hit game.[5] The PCC first mentioned the game in its newsletter in September 1973 as a "cave game" that would be available to order through them soon, and gave it a full two-page description in its next issue in November 1973.[6] Tapes containing Wumpus were sold via mail order by both the PCC and Yob himself.[8] The PCC description was republished along with source code in its book What to Do After You Hit Return in 1977, while a description of the game and its source code was published in Creative Computing in its October 1975 issue, and republished in The Best of Creative Computing the following year.[10][11] It also appeared in other books of BASIC games, such as Computer Programs in BASIC in 1981.[12] LegacyMultiple versions of Hunt the Wumpus were created and distributed after the game's release. Yob made Wumpus 2 and Wumpus 3, beginning immediately after finishing the original game, with Wumpus 2 adding different cave arrangements and Wumpus 3 adding more hazards.[14] The source code for Wumpus 2 was published in Creative Computing and republished in The Best of Creative Computing 2 (1977), along with a description of Wumpus 3.[10] The PCC announced in the same November 1973 newsletter issue as it discussed the original game that a version from them titled Super Wumpus would be available soon, and listed it in its order catalog in its January 1974 issue.[8][17] In 1978, a book titled Superwumpus, by Jack Emmerichs, was published containing source code for both BASIC and assembly language versions of his unrelated version of Hunt the Wumpus.[18] In addition to the original BASIC games, versions of Hunt the Wumpus have been created for numerous other systems. Yob had seen or heard of versions in several languages, such as IBM RPG and Fortran, by 1975. A version in C, written by Ken Thompson, creator of the Unix operating system, was released in 1975; a later C version can still be found in the bsdgames package on modern BSD and Linux operating systems.[20][21] A version was released for the HP-41C calculator in 1981,[22] and a commercial port for the TI-99/4A home computer was published by Texas Instruments in 1980, with graphics and a torus shape of caves displayed in a grid pattern instead of a dodecahedron.[23] Hunt the Wumpus has been cited as an early example of a survival horror game; the book Vampires and Zombies claims that it was an early example of the genre, while the paper "Restless dreams in Silent Hill" states that "from a historical perspective the genre's roots lie in Hunt the Wumpus".[24][25] Other sources, however, such as the book The World of Scary Video Games, claim that the game lacks elements needed for a "horror" game, as the player hunts rather than is hunted by the Wumpus, and nothing in the game is explicitly intended to frighten the player, making it more of an early adventure or puzzle game.[26] In 2012, Hunt the Wumpus was listed on Time{{'}}s All-Time 100 greatest video games list.[27] The Wumpus monster has appeared in several different forms of media, including a "Hunted Wumpus" The Gathering card,[28] the 1983 video game M.U.L.E.,[29] and Cory Doctorow's 2011 novella The Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow.[30]References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://dynamics.org/SYNERGY/Synergy_History_to_1988.html |title=The History of Synergy |last=Altenberg |first=Lee |date=1988 |publisher=Lee Altenberg |accessdate=2019-01-10}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]2. ^1 {{cite magazine |title=Our Games: Past Present and Future |magazine=People's Computer Company Newsletter |publisher=People's Computer Company |url=https://purl.stanford.edu/sd114rg2966 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=20 |date=September 1973}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite magazine |title=Hunt the Wumpus |magazine=People's Computer Company Newsletter |publisher=People's Computer Company |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/09/102661095/102661095-05-v2-n2-acc.pdf |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=23 |date=November 1973}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book |title=The Best of Creative Computing |volume=2 |editor-last=Ahl |editor-first=David |editorlink=David H. Ahl |publisher=Creative Computing Press |date=1977 |isbn=978-0-916688-03-5 |url=https://www.atariarchives.org/bcc2/showpage.php?page=244 |page=244}} 5. ^1 {{cite book |title=What to Do After You Hit Return: A Computer Games Book from People's Computer Company |publisher=Hayden Book Company |author=People's Computer Company |date=1977 |pages=63–64 |isbn=}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |title=Computer Programs in BASIC |last=Friedman |first=Paul |publisher=Prentice Hall |date=1981 |page=91 |isbn=978-0-13-165225-5}} 7. ^1 {{cite magazine |title=Wumpus |magazine=People's Computer Company Newsletter |publisher=People's Computer Company |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/tm228cf3459 |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=24 |date=January 1975}} 8. ^1 {{cite magazine |title=Order Form |magazine=People's Computer Company Newsletter |publisher=People's Computer Company |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/tw627qp9263 |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=23 |date=January 1974}} 9. ^1 {{cite book |title=Superwumpus |last=Emmerichs |first=Jack |date=1978 |publisher=Byte Publications |isbn=978-0-931718-03-8}} 10. ^1 {{cite magazine |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/ken-games.html |title=Ken, Unix, and Games |last=Ritchie |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Ritchie |magazine=ICGA Journal |publisher=International Computer Games Association |volume=24 |issue=2 |date=June 2001 |issn=1389-6911}} 11. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://packages.debian.org/stable/games/bsdgames |title=Package: bsdgames |website=Debian Packages |publisher=Software in the Public Interest |accessdate=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106092341/https://packages.debian.org/stable/games/bsdgames |archive-date=2018-11-06 |dead-url=no |df= }} 12. ^1 {{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-03/1981_03_BYTE_06-03_Programming_Methods#page/n231/mode/2up |title=Hunt the Wumpus with Your HP-41C |magazine=Byte |date=February 1981 |accessdate=2013-10-18 |last=Librach |first=Hank |pages=230, 232 |publisher=UBM |issn=0360-5280 |volume=6 |issue=3}} 13. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://blog.codinghorror.com/the-history-of-wumpus/ |title=The History of Wumpus |date=2005-12-05 |last=Atwood |first=Jeff |authorlink=Jeff Atwood |publisher=Coding Horror |accessdate=2019-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513203826/http://blog.codinghorror.com/the-history-of-wumpus/ |archive-date=2016-05-13 |dead-url=no |df= }} 14. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Fischer-Hornung |first1=Dorothea |last2=Mueller |first2=Monika |year=2016 |title=Vampires and Zombies: Transcultural Migration and Transnational Interpretations|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |page=235 |isbn=978-1-4968047-7-8 |quote="A comparatively well-established subgenre of the horror game, survival horror aims to create an experience of entrapment, persecution, tension, suspense, and discomfort. Traditionally, the protagonist of such games is an ordinary individual trapped in some isolated, monster-infested location . . . Hunt the Wumpus, Sweet Home, and Alone in the Dark represent early examples of the genre."}} 15. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Kirkland |first=Ewan |title=Restless Dreams in Silent Hill: Approaches to Video Game Analysis |journal=Journal of Media Practice |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=2005 |pages=167–178 |doi=10.1386/jmpr.6.3.167/1 |quote="From a historical perspective the genre's roots lie in Hunt the Wumpus"}} 16. ^1 {{cite book |title=The World of Scary Video Games: A Study in Videoludic Horror |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |last=Perron |first=Bernard |date=2018-05-31 |isbn=978-1-5013-1622-7 |pages=142–146 |quote="It is, however, a bit of a stretch to talk about the game in these generic terms and to place it in a horrific context."}} 17. ^1 {{cite web |last=Grossman |first=Lev |title=All-Time 100 Video Games |url=http://techland.time.com/2012/11/15/all-time-100-video-games/slide/hunt-the-wumpus-1972 |work=Time |date=2012-11-15 |accessdate=2016-09-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118054313/http://techland.time.com/2012/11/15/all-time-100-video-games/slide/hunt-the-wumpus-1972|archivedate=2012-11-18 |deadurl=yes}} 18. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?name=hunted%20wumpus |title=Hunted Wumpus |publisher=Wizards of the Coast |accessdate=2018-01-30 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024025/http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?name=hunted%20wumpus |archivedate=2018-01-31 |df= }} 19. ^1 {{cite book |title=Classic Home Video Games, 1985–1988: A Complete Reference Guide |last=Weiss |first=Brett |chapter=M.U.L.E. |publisher=McFarland & Company |date=2012-11-12 |isbn=978-1-4766-0141-0}} 20. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.tor.com/2011/11/01/progress-or-change-cory-doctorows-the-great-big-beautiful-tomorrow/ |title=Progress or Change? Cory Doctorow’s The Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow |work=Tor.com |publisher=Tor Books |last=Raets |first=Stefan |date=2011-11-01 |accessdate=2019-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170243/https://www.tor.com/2011/11/01/progress-or-change-cory-doctorows-the-great-big-beautiful-tomorrow/ |archive-date=2018-08-28 |dead-url=no |df= }} }} External links
8 : 1973 video games|Adventure games|Horror video games|Mainframe games|Public-domain software with source code|Texas Instruments TI-99/4A games|Video games developed in the United States|Video games with textual graphics |
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