| 词条 | Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women |
| 释义 |
|document_name = The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women |image = |image_width = |image_caption = |date_created = 1993 |date_ratified = 20 December 1993 |location_of_document = |writer = |signatories = |purpose = Women's rights |wikisource = }}{{Violence against women}}The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women was adopted without vote[1] by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993. Contained within it is the recognition of "the urgent need for the universal application to women of the rights and principles with regard to equality, security, liberty, integrity and dignity of all human beings".[2] The resolution is often seen as complementary to, and a strengthening of, the work of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[3] and Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.[4] It recalls and embodies the same rights and principles as those enshrined in such instruments as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Articles 1 and 2 provide the most widely used definition of violence against women.[5] As a consequence of the resolution, in 1999, the General Assembly, led by the representative from the Dominican Republic, designated 25 November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. BackgroundThe international recognition that women have a right to a life free from violence is a recent one. Historically, their struggles with violence, and with the impunity that often protects the perpetrators, is linked with their fight to overcome discrimination. Since its founding the United Nations has concerned itself with the advancement of women's rights,[6] but did not specifically target the high rates of female targeted violence until 1993. One of the aims of the resolution was to overturn the prevailing governmental stance that violence against women was a private, domestic matter not requiring state intervention. To mark International Women's Day on 8 March 1993, General Secretary, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, issued a statement in preparation of the declaration explicitly outlining the UN's role in the 'promotion' and 'protection' of women's rights:
Definition of Violence Against WomenArticles 1 and 2 of the resolution provide the most widely used definition of violence against women.
Article Two: Special Rapporteur on Violence Against WomenAs a consequence of the declaration on 4 March 1994, the Commission on Human Rights adopted Resolution 1994/45[8] in which it decided to appoint Radhika Coomaraswamy as its first United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, including its causes and consequences. The Special Rapporteur has a mandate to collect and analyse data from governments, treaty bodies, specialized agencies, NGOs, and other interested parties, and to respond effectively to such information. Furthermore, they also have a role in making recommendations on an international, national and regional level, as well as liaising with other Special Rapporteurs, special representatives, working groups and independent experts of the Commission on Human Rights.[9] On 18 June 2009 the United Nations Human Rights Council appointed Rashida Manjoo as the third incumbent of the role after the tenure of her predecessor, Dr. Yakin Erturk, came to an end.[10] ProblemsMany advocates of Women's Rights as Human Rights have expressed concerns that much of the ground gained by the declaration has been threatened by the rise of more conservative forces within the international community.[11] In March 2003, during a meeting of the UN Commission on the Status of Women the delegate from Iran objected to the inclusion of a paragraph that called on governments to "condemn violence against women and refrain from invoking any custom, tradition, or religious consideration to avoid their obligations with respect to its elimination as set out in the Declaration of the Elimination of Violence against Women." Representatives from Egypt, Pakistan, Sudan and US also raised objections; making it the first ever diplomatic failure at the UN Commission on the Status of Women.[12] CampaignsEach year, the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women marks the start of 16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence.[13] Human Rights organisations such as Center for Women's Global Leadership,[14] Unifem, Women Won't Wait, Women for a Change, Women's Aid, and other groups join together to speak out against gender violence and to promote the rights and principles of the declaration. On 10 April 2009, Amnesty International held a demonstration in Narayanghat, Nepal, to highlight the plight of women's rights activists after the Nepalese state failed to protect two activists from violent attacks and, finally, their murder.[15] Despite ratifying the declaration, Nepal had failed to abide by Article 4-c which asserts the clear obligation of states to: "Exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and, in accordance with national legislation, punish acts of violence against women, whether those acts are perpetrated by the State or by private persons."[2] References1. ^{{Cite web |url = https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r48_en.shtml |title = RESOLUTIONS: General Assembly, 48th session |work = un.org |accessdate = May 14, 2014 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140116222203/http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r48_en.shtml |archivedate = January 16, 2014 |df = }} 2. ^1 2 {{Cite web |url= http://www.un-documents.net/a48r104.htm |title=A/RES/48/104 – Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women – UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements |work=un-documents.net |accessdate=February 24, 2010}} 3. ^{{Cite web |url= https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/ |title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |work=un.org |accessdate=February 24, 2010}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=topic&tocid=459d17822&toid=459b17a82&docid=3ae6b39ec&skip=O|title=Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, paragraf 38|work=refworld.org|accessdate=June 24, 2017}} 5. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/gender/vaw/about.html |title=UNECE Gender Statistics – About Violence Against Women |work=unece.org |accessdate=June 3, 2017}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/events/women/iwd/2007/pdf/background.pdf|title=Ending Impunity for Violence Against Women and Girls|publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information|date=March 2007|accessdate=2010-01-03}} 7. ^{{Cite web |url= https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/1993/ |title=Secretary-General, in International Women's Day message, sys promotion and protection of women's rights central to work of United Nations |date=1993 |work=un.org (WomenWatch) |accessdate=24 February 2010}} 8. ^{{Cite web |url=http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/CHR/resolutions/E-CN_4-RES-1994-45.doc |title=1994/45. Question of integrating the rights of women into the human rights mechanisms of the United Nations and the elimination of violence against women |work=ohchr.org |accessdate=June 24, 2017}} 9. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur/ |title=Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences |work=www2.ohchr.org |accessdate=February 24, 2010}} 10. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=52&LangID=E |title=Violence Against Women: South African legal expert takes over as new UN Special Rapporteur |work=www.ohchr.org |accessdate=June 3, 2017}} 11. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.awid.org/eng/Library/Violence-against-Women |title=Violence against Women |work=awid.org |last=Reilly |first=Niamh |date=2008-02-12 |accessdate=June 24, 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121709/http://www.awid.org/eng/Library/Violence-against-Women |archivedate=2014-07-14 |df= }} 12. ^{{Cite news |url= http://www.womensenews.org/story/international-policyunited-nations/030424/un-pact-sinks-issue-violence-against-women |title=U.N. Pact Sinks on Issue of Violence Against Women | Women's eNews |work=womensenews.org|last=Freeburg|first=Emily|date=2003-04-23 |accessdate=February 24, 2010}} 13. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/16_days/en/ |title=16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence |work=who.int |accessdate=June 24, 2017}} 14. ^{{Cite web |url=http://16dayscwgl.rutgers.edu/ |title=16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence Campaign |work=rutgers.edu |accessdate=June 3, 2017}} 15. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/nepal-two-womens-rightss-rightss-rightss-rightss-rightss-rights-human-rights |title=Nepal: Two Women's rights's rightss rights's rights's rights's rights human rights activists murdered after government fails to protect them from violent attacks |date=April 10, 2009 |work=amnesty.org.uk |accessdate=June 24, 2017}} External links
8 : United Nations General Assembly resolutions|Works about violence against women|Women's rights|1993 in law|1993 in the United Nations|Proclamations|1993 in women's history|December 1993 events |
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