| 词条 | Hypervitaminosis |
| 释义 |
| name = Vitamin overdose | image = | caption = | pronounce = | field = Toxicology | synonyms = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Excessive consumption of vitamins | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Hypervitaminosis is a condition of abnormally high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms. Specific medical names of the different conditions are derived from the vitamin involved: an excess of vitamin A, for example, is called hypervitaminosis A. Hypervitaminoses are primarily caused by fat-soluble vitamins (D and A), as these are stored by the body for longer period than the water-soluble vitamins.[1] Generally, toxic levels of vitamins stem from high supplement intake and not from natural food. Toxicities of fat-soluble vitamins can also be caused by a large intake of highly fortified foods, but natural food rarely deliver dangerous levels of fat-soluble vitamins.[2] The Dietary Reference Intake recommendations from the United States Department of Agriculture define a "tolerable upper intake level" for most vitamins. Vitamin overdose can be avoided by not taking more than the normal or recommended amount of multi-vitamin supplement shown on the bottle[3] and not ingesting multiple vitamin-containing supplements concurrently[3]. Signs and symptomsOrgans compromises:
CausesWith few exceptions, like some vitamins from B-complex, hypervitaminosis usually occurs with the fat-soluble vitamins A and D, which are stored, respectively, in the liver and fatty tissues of the body. These vitamins build up and remain for a longer time in the body than water-soluble vitamins.[3] Conditions include:
PreventionDo not take more than the normal or recommended amount of multivitamin supplements.[2] EpidemiologyIn the United States, overdose exposure to all formulations of "vitamins" (which includes multi-vitamin/mineral products) was reported by 62,562 individuals in 2004 with nearly 80% of these exposures in children under the age of 6, leading to 53 "major" life-threatening outcomes and 3 deaths (2 from vitamins D and E; 1 from polyvitaminic type formula, with iron and no fluoride).[4] This may be compared to the 19,250 people who died of unintentional poisoning of all kinds in the U.S. in the same year (2004).[5] In 2016, overdose exposure to all formulations of vitamins and multi-vitamin/mineral formulations was reported by 63,931 individuals to the American Association of Poison Control Centers with 72% of these exposures in children under the age of five. No deaths were reported.[6] See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|title = Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin A|url = https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/|website = ods.od.nih.gov|access-date = 2016-02-03}} {{Nutritional pathology}}{{Poisoning and toxicity}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Vitamin Poisoning}}2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | title=Multiple vitamin overdose|work= MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine | date=2019-01-28 | url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002596.htm | access-date=2019-02-11}} {{PD-notice}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last=Sizer|first=Frances Sienkiewicz|author2=Ellie Whitney|title=Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|location=United States of America|year=2008|edition=11|pages=221, 235|isbn=0-495-39065-8}} 4. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.poison.org/prevent/documents/TESS%20Annual%20Report%202004.pdf | title = Annual Report | publisher = American Association of Poison Control Centers | author = Toxic Exposure Surveillance System | format = pdf | year = 2004 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110105180120/http://poison.org/prevent/documents/TESS%20Annual%20Report%202004.pdf | archivedate = 2011-01-05 | df = }} 5. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/acc-inj.htm | title = National Center for Health Statistics}} 6. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Fraser MO, Banner W |title=2016 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th Annual Report |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=1072-1254 |year=2017 |url=https://piper.filecamp.com/1/piper/binary/3l6m-flnpglqj.pdf |DOI=10.1080/15563650.2017.1388087}} External links{{Medical resources| ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|67|0|e|65}}-{{ICD10|E|67|3|e|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|278.2}}, {{ICD9|278.4}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = }}
2 : Effects of external causes|Hypervitaminosis |
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