| 词条 | Ifá | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Ifá is a West African religion and system of divination. Its literary corpus is the Odu Ifá. Orunmila is identified as the Grand Priest, as he is who revealed divinity and prophecy to the world. Babalawos or Iyanifas use either the divining chain known as Opele, or the sacred palm or kola nuts called Ikin, on the wooden divination tray called Opon Ifá. Ifá is practiced throughout the Americas, West Africa, and the Canary Islands, in the form of a complex religious system, and plays a critical role in the traditions of Santería, Candomblé, Palo, Umbanda, Vodou, and other Afro-American faiths, as well as in some traditional African religions. HistoryThe 16 principle system seems to have its earliest history in West Africa. Each Niger–Congo-speaking ethnic group that practices it has its own myths of origin; Yoruba religion suggests that it was founded by Orunmila in Ilé-Ifẹ̀ when he initiated himself and then he initiated his students, Akoda and Aseda. Other myths suggest that it was brought to Ilé-Ifẹ̀ by Setiu, a Nupe man who settled in Ilé-Ifẹ̀. According to the book The History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times to the British Protectorate (1921) by Nigerian historian Samuel Johnson and Obadiah Johnson, it was Arugba, the mother of Onibogi, the 8th Alaafin of Oyo who introduced Oyo to Ifá in the late 1400s.[1] She initiated the Alado of Ato and conferred on him the rites to initiate others. The Alado, in turn, initiated the priests of Oyo and that was how Ifá came to be in the Oyo empire. Odinani suggests that Dahomey Kings noted that the system of Afá was brought by a diviner known as Gogo from eastern Nigeria.[2] Orunmila came to establish an oral literary corpus incorporating stories and experiences of priests and their clients along with the results. This odu corpus emerges as the leading documentation on the Ifá tradition to become a historical legacy. Yoruba canonIn Yorubaland, divination gives priests unreserved access to the teachings of Orunmila.[3] Eshu is the one said to lend ashe to the oracle during provision of direction and or clarification of counsel. Eshu is also the one that holds the keys to ones ire, thus acts as Oluwinni (ones Creditor), he can grant ire or remove it.[4] Ifá divination rites provide an avenue of communication to the spiritual realm and the intent of ones destiny.[5] Igbo canonIn Igboland, Ifá is known as Afá, and is performed by specialists called Dibia. The Dibia is considered a doctor and specializes in the use of herbs for healing and transformation.[6] Ewe canonAmong the Ewe people of southern Togo and southeast Ghana, Ifá is known as Afá, where the Vodun spirits come through and speak. In many of their Egbes, it is Alaundje who is honored as the first Bokono to have been taught how to divine the destiny of humans using the holy system of Afá. The Amengansi are the living oracles who are higher than a bokono. A priest who is not a bokono is known as Hounan, similar to Houngan, a male priest in Haitian Vodou, a derivative religion of Vodun, the religion of the Ewe. Odù IfáThere are sixteen major books in Odu Ifá[7] literary corpus. When combined there are total of 256 Odu (a collection of sixteen, each of which has sixteen alternatives ⇔ 16^2, or 4^4) believed to reference all situations, circumstances, actions and consequences in life based on the uncountable ese (poetic tutorials) relative to the 256 Odu coding. These form the basis of traditional Yoruba spiritual knowledge and are the foundation of all Yoruba divination systems. Ifá proverbs, stories, and poetry are not written down but passed down orally from one babalawo to another. International recognitionThe Ifá Divination system was added in 2005 by UNESCO to its list of the "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity".[8] Notable followers
See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title=History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate|last=Johnson|first=Samuel|publisher=Nigeria Bookshops|year=1921|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://Mamiwata.com/afa/afa.html|title = Afa in the African Diaspora|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} 3. ^Lijadu, E. M. Ifá: ImọLe Rẹ Ti I Ṣe Ipile Isin Ni Ilẹ Yoruba. Ado-Ekiti: Omolayo Standard Press, 1898. 1972. 4. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925144243/http://www.ogbeogunda.alawoye.com/ |date=September 25, 2015 }} 5. ^Adéẹ̀kọ́, Adélékè. "'Writing' and 'Reference' in Ifá Divination Chants." Oral Tradition 25, no. 2 (2010). 6. ^{{Cite web|url= http://umunumo.com/igbomedicine.html|title = Igbo Medicine|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} 7. ^Sixteen major 'books in Odù Ifá {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702201156/http://alawoye.com/Ifa_Orunmila_%3A_Alawoye/Ifa_Book_News_%26_Reviews/Ifa_Book_News_%26_Reviews.html |date=July 2, 2008 }} 8. ^{{Cite web|url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ifa-divination-system-00146|title = Ifa Divination System|date = |accessdate = 5 July 2017|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} Further reading
7 : African traditional religions|Afro-American religion|Yoruba culture|Yoruba deities|Divination|Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Santería |
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